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Bio > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA three major functions

A
  1. controls cellular activities
  2. replicates itself
  3. undergoes mutations
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2
Q

DNA & RNA are what?

A

Nucleic acids

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3
Q

When was the double helix discovered?

by who?

A

1953, James Watson / Francis Crick

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4
Q

DNA & RNA are — of nucleotieds?

A

Polymers

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5
Q

Nucleotides are composed of? (3)

A
  1. pentose (five carbon sugar)
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous base
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6
Q

Two types of bases?

A

Purines & pyrimidines

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7
Q

Purines have?

A

A double ring structure (adenine and guanine)

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8
Q

Pyrimidines have?

A

Single ring structure (thymine and cytosine)

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9
Q

Each side of the DNA strand is composed of

A

A backbone of alternating molecules of deoxyribose and phosphate
with a nitrogenous base and deoxyribose unit

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10
Q

Pairs of joined bases are joined by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Genes control?

A

Cellular chemical reactions, by directing the formations of enzymes

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12
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Copied “instructions” from DNA to make more proteins

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13
Q

What is a histone?

A

Protein in the chromosome that DNA is coiled around

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

Contains instructions for making proteins

directs the formation of enzymes

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15
Q

What is transcription?

A

When a strand of RNA polymerase attaches to s a strand of DNA and separates (h-bonds break) it so that messenger RNA can be made

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16
Q

Ribosomes do what?

A

Bind to messenger RNA to produce a chain of amino acids

17
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid

18
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Carries amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

19
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that carries energy between the cells

20
Q

Adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between?

A

Sugar-phosphate

21
Q

What is translation?

A

When codons from mRNA are changed into a sequence of amino acids

22
Q

What is the first step in translation?

A

Initiation

tRNA, MET ( start codon) and the RNA strand meet in the ribosome

23
Q

Second step in translation?

A

Elongation

Amino acids are added and connected to form a pol peptide, specified by the RNA sequence

24
Q

Third step in translation?

A

Termination

When a stop codon is finally reached and signals to stop translation.

25
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

26
Q

What are DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase enzymes bind to and dissociate from template DNA repeatedly during the replication or repair process

27
Q

What does semi conservative mean?

A

When the double helix shape of DNA unwinds and two single strands are left to replicate, these are called semi conservative DNA strands.

28
Q

A chemical change in the structure of a gene is caused by?

A

A mutation

29
Q

Are mutations inheritable?

A

Yes, can be passed upon to offspring

30
Q

What are the three types of mutagens?

A
  1. chemical (pesticides/food additives)
  2. radiation (x-rays/gamma rays)
  3. viral (HPV)
31
Q

Mutations that cause cancer are called?

A

Carcinogens

32
Q

What is a helicase?

A

they unpack an organisms genes by moving directionally along a nucleic acid backbone, separating two nucleic acid strands such as DNA and RNA

33
Q

What is the difference between gene and chromosomal mutations?

A
  • gene mutations affect only one gene, smaller scale but can have devastating effects
  • chromosomal mutations affect many genes because they effect an entire chromosome (bigger effects)
34
Q

What is a poly ribosome?

A

A polyribosome is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads”

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