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PathSattar > Principles Of Neoplasia > Flashcards

Principles Of Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia is tissue growth that is (3)

A

Unregulated
Irreversible
Monoclonal

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2
Q

Clonality of cells was determined by ___ isoforms

A

G6PD enzyme

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3
Q

Normal ratio of active G6PD isoforms

A

1:1 - maintained in hyperplasia but not neoplasia

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4
Q

Clonality in neoplasia can also be determined by ___ aside form G6PD isoforms

A

androgen receptor isoforms

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5
Q

Clonality of B lymphocytes is determined by ____

A

Ig light chain phenotype

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6
Q

Each B cell expresses light chain that is either kappa or lambda. Normal kappa to lambda light chain ration is?

A

3:1

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7
Q

Enlarged lymph node differential diagnosis

A

Metastatic CA
Reactive hyperplasia
Lymphoma

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8
Q

Approximately how many divisions need to occur in neoplasia before earliest clinical symptoms arise?

A

30 divisions

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9
Q

Carcinogenic agent: alkylating agent. Cancer?

A

Leukemia, lymphoma

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10
Q

Carcinogenic agent: alcohol. Cancer?

A

SCCA of oropharynx and and upper esophagus

HPCCA

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11
Q

Carcinogenic agent: arsenic. Cancer?

A

SquaCA of skin
Lung CA
ANGIOSARCOMA OF LIVER

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12
Q

Carcinogenic agent: asbestos

A

Cancer: lung CA and mesothelioma

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13
Q

Carcinogenic agent: cigarette smoke

A

Cancer: carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas

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14
Q

Carcinogenic agent: nitrosamine

A

Cancer: stomach carcinoma - intestinal type

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15
Q

Carcinogenic agent: napthylamine

A

Cancer: urothelial carcinoma of bladder

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16
Q

Carcinogenic agent: Vinyl chloride

Used in PVC in pipes

A

Cancer: angiosarcoma of liver

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17
Q

Carcinogenic agent: Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica

A

Cancer: lung CA

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18
Q

Oncogenic virus: EBV

A

NPCA
Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS

Chinese, male or african

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19
Q

Oncogenic virus: HHV8

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Seen in AIDS and transplant patients

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20
Q

Oncogenic virus: HTLV-1

A

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

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21
Q

Radiation: ionizing

Generates hydroxyl free radicals

A

Cancer: AML, CML, papillary CA of thyropid

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22
Q

Nonionizing radiation

results in formation of pyrimidine dimers which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease

A

Basal cell carcinoma
SquaCA and melanoma of skin

Xeroderma pigmentosum

23
Q

PDGF-B associated tumor?

A

Astrocytoma

24
Q

ERB-B2 (HER2/NEU) cancer?

Trastuzumab

A

Subset of breast CA

25
Q

RET associated tumor?

A

MEN 2A, 2B

SPORADIC MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THYROID

26
Q

KIT associated tumor?

A

GIST - gastrointestinal stromal tumor

27
Q

RAS gene family associated tumor?

GAP —> GTP binding protein

A

Carcinomas melanoma and lymphoma

28
Q

ABL associated tumor?

T(9;22) with BCR

A

CML and some types of ALL (Ph+ in adult)

29
Q

C-MYC associated tumor?

T(8;14) involving IgH

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Starry sky

30
Q

N-MYC associated tumor?

A

Neuroblastoma

31
Q

L-MYC associated tumor?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

32
Q

CCND1 (cyclin D1) associated tumor?

T(11;14) involving IgH

A

Mantle cell lymphoma

33
Q

CDK4 associated tumor?

A

Melanoma

34
Q

If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces ____

A

Apoptosis

35
Q

P53 upregulates BAX which disrupts ___

Cytochrome c then leaks from the mitochondria

A

Bcl2

36
Q

Knudson 2 hit hypothesis is needed in what genes?

A

P53 and Rb

37
Q

Germline mutation results in ___ (2nd hit is somatic)

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome - propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas

38
Q

Sporadic mutations (both hits are somatic) is characterized by ____ (unilat/bilat) retinoblastoma

A

Unilateral

39
Q

Germline mutation results in ____ retinoblastoma (2nd hit is somatic) characterized by ____ and ____

A

Familial retinoblastoma

Bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

40
Q

What is overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?

A

Bcl2

T(14;18) moves Bcl2 (chromosome 18) to the Ig heavy chain locus (chromosome 14) resulting in increased Bcl2

41
Q

What is necessary for cell immortality

A

Telomerase

42
Q

___ spread is characteristic of carcinomas?

A

Lymphatic spread

43
Q

____ spread is characteristic of sarcomas and some carcinomas

A

Hematogenous

Renal cell carcinoma (invades renal vein)
HPCC (invades hepatic vein)
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
Choriocarcinoma

44
Q

___ is characteristic of ovarian carcinoma which often involves the peritoneum (omental caking)

A

Seeding of body cavities

45
Q

IHC stain: keratin

A

Epithelium - carcinoma

46
Q

IHC stain: vimentin

A

Mesenchyme - sarcoma, CT cells

47
Q

IHC stain: desmin

A

Muscle

48
Q

IHC stain: GFAP

A

Neuroglia

49
Q

IHC stain: neurofilament

A

IHC stain: neurons

50
Q

IHC stain: PSA

A

Prostatic epithelium

51
Q

IHC stain: thyroglobulin

A

Thyroid follicular cells

52
Q

IHC stain: chromogranin

A

Neuroendocrine cells

-small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumoirs

53
Q

IHC stain: S-100

A

Melanoma
Schwannoma
Langerhans cell histiocytosis

PathSattar (3 decks)

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