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MD2001 Week 2 > Primary Tissues > Flashcards

Primary Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates gene expression?

A

transcription factors

- these act in different combinations to determine the path of differentiation

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • epithelia - coating
  • connective tissues - connecting
  • muscle - moving
  • neural - sensing, interpreting, acting on environment
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3
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

A

covers surfaces

  • secretion
  • absorption
  • transport
  • barrier/protecion
  • barrier/selective
  • strength/support
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4
Q

What surface modifications can epithelial tissues show?

A
  • microvilli

- cilia

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5
Q

Function of microvilli?

A

absorption, sensing

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6
Q

Function of cilia?

A

movement, lateral transport

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7
Q

What junctions may epithelial cells have between them?

A
  • tight - sealing
  • desmosomses
  • gap
  • adherens
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8
Q

Tight junctions?

A

sealing

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9
Q

Desmosomes?

A

strengthens cell links - joining glue between cells

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10
Q

Gap junctions?

A

connect cytesols of adjacent cells for very small molecules

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11
Q

Adherens junctions?

A

spots of connection linking movement proteins (arctic) - similar to desmosome but actin instead of intermediate filaments

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12
Q

What is the basement membrane made of?

A

extracellular matrix molecules

  • contains proteins that link to the surface of epithelial cells
  • filamentous proteins for strength
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13
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Nerve cells?

A

neurons

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15
Q

Key characteristics of neurons?

A
  • separate cells that communicate by releasing chemicals by secretion at ends of cell processes
    “elongated secretory cell”
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16
Q

Apex and base of neurons?

A

apex - axon

base - dendrite

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17
Q

Where are electrical impulses received on nerve cells?

A

dendrite

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18
Q

Where are electrical impulses transmitted from on nerve cells?

A

axon

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19
Q

What happens at the axon?

A

secretion of neurotransmitters occurs into the intracellular gaps known as synapses
- neuromuscular junctions and neuron to neuron

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20
Q

Where does the synaptic cleft lie?

A

between the presynaptic membrane and post synaptic membrane

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21
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

store transmitter to be released at the synapse

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22
Q

What is myelination?

A 
fatty sheath (lipids and proteins) covers nerve cells 
- discontinuous with periodic gaps
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23
Q

Function of myelination?

A

increase speed of electrical impulses

24
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

cells of the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin sheath around neuronal axons

  • one schwann cell builds one internode
  • their cell body wrap around the axon
25
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

cells that militate axons in the central nervous system

  • one oligodendrocyte builds a number of internodes
  • secrete myelin sheaths around axon
26
Q

What are glial cells?

A

non neural cells of the CNS and PNS that surround neurons and provide support and insulation between them

  • most abundant cell type in CNS
  • maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support and protection for neurons
  • includes - oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal, schwann, microglia, satellite cells
27
Q

Glial cells of CNS include?

A
  • oligodendrocytes (mylenation)
  • astrocytes - star shaped glial cell of CNS
  • microglia - resistant macrophages of CNS
  • ependyma (lines CNS cavities)
28
Q

Glial cells of PNS include?

A
  • schwann cells (myelination

- satellite cells (support cells in ganglia

29
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
30
Q

What do all muscle types contain?

A

contractile filaments composed of actin and myosin

- produces a striated appearance (skeletal and cardiac)

31
Q

What are muscles?

A

contractile tissues under voluntary or involuntary control

32
Q

Skeletal muscle features?

A
  • striated
  • coordinated contraction
  • direct voluntary control (or involuntary - reflexes)
33
Q

Cardiac muscle features?

A
  • striated
  • coordinated contraction
  • involuntary control of the blood pump
  • ionic/structural linkages via specialised junction regions
  • heart
34
Q

Smooth muscle features?

A
  • non-striated (non ordered arrays of myosin and actin)
  • coordinated contraction
  • involuntary
  • cells spindle shaped - cell borders are rarely seen
  • responsible for peristalsis of the gut, urinary system, respiratory, blood vessels
35
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A
  • fibrocollagenous tissue
  • cartilage, bone, teeth
  • adipose tissue (white fat)
  • blood
36
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A
  • fibres (elastic and collagenous)
  • cells
  • extracellular matrix
37
Q

What does the extracellular matrix contain?

A
  • fibrous proteins
  • structural carbohydrates and proteins
  • mineral deposits
38
Q

Types of fibrocollagenous tissue and where found?

A

> loose - around epithelia, organs
dense - tendon, ligaments
reticular - liver, lymph nosed

39
Q

Cells of fibrocollagenous tissues?

A

> fibroblasts - synthesis fibrous proteins (collagens, elastic etc.)
macrophages - phagocytose foreign bodies
mast cells - synthesis histamine and other inflammation mediators
plasma cells - synthesis antibodies
stem cells
blood cells and adipocytes

40
Q

Feature of fibrocollagenous tissue?

A

flexible and strong

41
Q

Function of cartilage?

A

flexibility
smooth joint movement
strength

42
Q

Types of cartilage?

A

> elastic - flexible, elastin, (external ear)
hyaline - impact resistant, durable, low friction, (articular cartilage of joints, growth plates)
fibrocartilage - strong, collagen I, (meniscus in knee, pubic, intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis, temporalmandibular joint)

43
Q

Cartilage cell type?

A

chondrocytes

44
Q

Function of bone?

A
  • skeletal support
  • mineral - calcium store
  • blood formation
45
Q

Types of bone?

A
  • trabecular

- compact

46
Q

Cells involved in maintaining bone?

A

osteocytes

47
Q

What does the ECM of bone consist of?

A

framework of collagen fibres mineralised with calcium salts
proteoglycans
blood vessels - vascular tissue

48
Q

Osteoblast function?

A

bone formation - lay down framework

- become trapped as osteocytes

49
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

large macrophage-like cells that digest bone

50
Q

What does the ECM of cartilage consist of?

A

proteoglycans
collagen (type 2 mainly)
high water content
no blood vessels - avascular tissue

51
Q

Function of white fat?

A
  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • protection
    extremly dynamic
52
Q

Function of brown fat?

A
  • heat production
53
Q

What are white fat cells called?

A

adipocytes

54
Q

How do adipocytes form?

A

from fibroblast-like precursors
fat occupies most of fibroblast-like precursor
- nucleus and cytoplasm is squeezed into the periphery of the cell

55
Q

What are fat hormones?

A

adipokines

- fatty acids, peptide hormones, cytokines

56
Q

Function of leptin?

A

signals brain the body has had enough to eat

57
Q

How does brown fat make heat?

A

uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

- lots of mitochondria

MD2001 Week 2 (8 decks)

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