Prenatal development concern

Question 1

Determinants of intra-uterine growth and birth weight

Answer 1

• infant sex
  -maternal height
• pregnancy weight
• alcohol consumption
• pregnancy height and weight
• maternal birth weight
• parity (nmb of pregnancies)
• gestational weight gain
• prior low birth weight infant
• caloric intake
• cigarette smoking
• pregnancy height and weight
• tobacco chewing
• socioeconomic status

Question 2

what os classified as low birth weight

Answer 2

< 2,500gm (5lbs 8oz)

Question 3

two groups of low birth weight

Answer 3

• pre-term (born before 38-42wks)(physiological immaturity)
• small-for-date, small for gestational age, display intrauterine growth retardation or fetal growth restriction

Question 4

low birth weight impact on postnatal growth

Answer 4

• shorter status during childhood and at maturity
• possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power

Question 5

most common cause of spontaneous abortion

Answer 5

chromosomal abnormalities

Question 6

other causes of miscarriage and myths

Answer 6

causes: maternal age, illness, lifestyle, trauma
myths: sex, working outside the home, moderate exercise

Question 7

period where it is most critical with respect to genetic malformations

Answer 7

embryo

Question 8

prenatal nutrition factors types

Answer 8

placental factors: circulation and the transport of nutrients from placenta to feotus
- fetal factors: utilization of available nutrients
- maternal factors: mothers overall nutrition status, adequacy of energy and nutrient intake and weight gain during pregnancy

Question 9

what is a teratogen

Answer 9

an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus

Question 10

ddeterminants of harm from teratogens

Answer 10

• babys genetic makeup
• amount of exposure
• time/duration of exposure

Question 11

effects of smoking on prenatal growth

Answer 11

hypoxia
deficit 70g/0.7cm —> 9/day
deficit 210g/1com –> +20/day

Question 12

results of maternal alcohol consumption

Answer 12

fetal growth restriction
abnormal facial dev
impairment of the CNS

Question 13

maternal alcohol consumption effects on birth weight

Answer 13

<= 2/day = 65g loss
>= 2/dat = 150g weight loss

Question 14

FAS/ARND meaning

Answer 14

FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome
ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 15

why maternal exercise

Answer 15

• a dev fetus needs energy, oxygen for metabolism and growth
• has no -ve effect on fetal dev
• benefits for the mother are well documented
• guidelines are well established

Question 16

guidelines for exercise during pregnancy

Answer 16

60-80% of age-predicted maximum maternal HR
thermoneutral controlled conditions
modereate intensity (12-14 borg scale)
unless contraindicated by doctor

Question 17

genetic testing

Answer 17

includes: fetal ultrasound, maternal blood testing
screen:
- cystic fibrosis
- duchenne muscular dystrophy
- polycystic kidney disease
- sickle cell disease
- tay-sachs disease
- thalassemia
- down syndrome

Question 18

why are infant reflexes important

Answer 18

• dominate mvt during latter half of pregnancy and first four months of infancy
• can provide imp diagnostic information of infant health and neurological maturation
• primitive reflexes are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection
• postural reflexes are considered the basis for more complex voluntary mvt of later infancy

Question 19

infant reflex

Answer 19

will disapear by the end of the first year
ex; sucking, search or rooting, labyrinthine, exceptions include the parachuting reflexes

Question 20

primitive reflexes what?

Answer 20

• dominate first 6months
• role to ensure survival

Question 21

primitive reflexes and survival
what are primitive reflexes

Answer 21

• produced subcortically
• occur in all normally dev newborns
• appear during gestation + birth until 6months
• used for protection, nutrition or survival
• ex: sucking, rooting, labyrinthine

Question 22

exemples of primitives reflexes

Answer 22

sucking
search
asymmetric tonic neck
symmetric tonic neck
palmar mandibular
palmar mental
Babinski
palmar grasp
Moro
startle
enduring
plantar gasp

Question 23

Postural reflexes

Answer 23

-swimming
-head-righting
- labyrinthine
- crawling
- pull-up
- parachuting
- stepping
- body-righting
- side
- back

Question 24

stereotypies

Answer 24

ex: thumb sucking, nail bitting
- rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled mvt behaviour of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli
- purpose is uncertain: calming?
- simple, repetitive