PREMATUREZ Flashcards

1
Q

El trabajo de parto prematuro es…

A

El trabajo de parto que empieza antes de las 37 semanas (259 días) de gestación.

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2
Q

Consecuencias de prematurez son mayores en cuanto mas joven es el feto. Las cuales son…

A

Respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, neurologic impairment, and seizures.

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3
Q

Morbilidades a largo plazo.

A

Displasia broncopulmonar y anormalidades del desarrollo, como la parálisis cerebral.

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4
Q

The 11% to 12% of babies born prematurely account for …1… of all perinatal mortality and….2….of long-term neurologic impairment in children in the United States.

A
  1. 75%.

2. 50%.

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5
Q

Tipos de nacimiento prematuro.

A
  1. Indicado (20 a 30%).
  2. Espontaneo:
    * 40 a 50% con membranas intactas.
    * 25 a 40% por ruptura prematura de membranas.
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6
Q

El trabajo de parto prematuro se define como…

A

Preterm labor is defined as the presence of regular uterine contractions that occur before 37 weeks of gestation and are associated with cervical changes.

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7
Q

Las 4 principales causas del trabajo de parto prematuro.

A
  1. Activacion del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal materno o fetal, asociado a estrés.
  2. Inflamacion decidual-corioamniotica o sistémica asociada a infección.
  3. Hemorragfia decidual.
  4. Distension uterina patológica.
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8
Q

Factor de riesgo principal para el TPP.

A

Gestación múltiple.
*También ser negra y la vaginosis bacteriana. Subclinical intra-amniotic infection has also been associated with preterm labor and preterm PROM, especially when it occurs at earlier gestational ages. Ver pág. 218 Beckmann.

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9
Q

VERDADERO O FALSO: El antecedente de TPP aumenta el riesgo de prematurez con cada embarazo.

A

VERDADERO.

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10
Q

VERDADERO O FALSO: los tocolíticos se administran para hacer que el embarazo llegue a termino.

A

FALSO: los tocolíticos se administran para retrasar el parto 48 hs., para permitir que se administre y hagan efecto los corticoides.

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11
Q

Signos y síntomas que indican TPP.

A
  • Menstrual-like cramps.
  • Low, dull backache.
  • Abdominal pressure.
  • Pelvic pressure.
  • Abdominal cramping (with or without diarrhea).
  • Increase or change in vaginal discharge (mucous, watery, light bloody discharge).
  • Uterine contractions, often painless.
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12
Q

Examen complementario para evaluar el TPP.

A

Aumento de fibronectina fetal (fFN) en la secreción vaginal. Se usa entre las semanas 22 y 34.
*The greatest benefit of fFN appears to be its negative predictive value: if fFN is absent (negative) in cervicovaginal secretions, the likelihood of delivery in the next 7 days is very low.

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13
Q

VERDADERO O FALSO: Cervical length can also be used as a diagnostic factor.

A

VERDADERO.
As cervical length decreases in midpregnancy, the risk for preterm birth has been shown to increase in a continuous fashion. Transvaginal ultrasound examination of the cervix is a reliable and reproducible method to assess cervical length.
Transvaginal ultrasound examination of the cervix is a reliable and reproducible method to assess cervical length (debería ser mayor de 2.5 cm).

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14
Q

Definición de cervical insufficiency.

A

Early asymptomatic dilation and effacement of the cervix, may be associated with an increased likelihood of preterm labor and delivery.

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15
Q

VERDADERO O FALSO: Existe una manera efectiva, universal y probada de prevenir el TPP.

A

FALSO.
*There are currently no uniformly effective interventions to prevent preterm labor, regardless of risk factors. Prophylactic therapy-including tocolytic drugs, bed rest, hydration, and sedation in asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm labor-has not been shown to be effective.

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16
Q

Estrategia preventiva para mujeres con muy alto riesgo de TPP.

A

In a select group of women at very high risk who have a documented history of preterm birth, the use of weekly vaginal or intramuscular injections of progesterone (17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate) starting at 16–20 weeks of gestation and continuing until 36 weeks appears to reduce spontaneous preterm birth.

17
Q

Pasos para atender un parto prematuro.

A
  1. Uso de monitor fetal para cuantificar y la frecuencia y duración de las contracciones.
  2. Evaluar el estado del cérvix mediante examen digital o con espéculo (preferible en el caso de PROM por riesgo de infección).
  3. Solicitar orina completa/urocultivo (UTI predispone a contracciones uterinas).
  4. Realizar un hisopado anal y vaginal para el cultivo del estreptococo B. Si esta indicado también para gonorrea y clamidia.
  5. Ecografia para: determinar edad gestacional, cantidad de liquido amniótico, presentación fetal, anomalías fetales y localización de la placenta.*
  6. Medición de altura cervical (>26 semanas).
  7. Amniocentesis para descartar infección intra-amniótica y estudio de la madurez pulmonar fetal.
    * Patients should also be monitored for bleeding, as placental abruption and placenta previa may be associated with preterm labor.
18
Q

Propósito del manejo del TPP.

A

The purpose in treating preterm labor is to delay delivery, if possible, until fetal maturity is attained.

19
Q

Objetivos del tratamiento del TPP.

A
  1. Tratar consecuencias asociadas al TPP.

2. Tratar el TPP.

20
Q

Cuanto tiempo prolongan el embarazo los tocolíticos.

A

2 a 7 días.

21
Q

Los corticoides están indicados en embarazos de entre…

A

24 a 32(a 34) semanas.*

*Además disminuyen las complicaciones de la prematurez.

22
Q

Los mayores beneficios de la terapia con corticoides se dan dentro de los ………….. antes del parto.

A

7 días.