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Hydrology > Precipitation > Flashcards

Precipitation Flashcards

1
Q

________ is any solid or liquid that forms in the atmosphere and falls to the earth. It is
one of the three main steps of the hydrologic cycle.

A

Precipitation

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2
Q

Precipitation forms from________ condenses into bigger droplets of water

A

water
vapor

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3
Q

Precipitation can vary depending on the temperature on the cloud. It can be ______, _____, _____, and _______.

A

rain,
sleet, snow, or hail

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4
Q

______ is liquid precipitation faling from the sky.

A

Rain

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5
Q

_________ are formed when raindrops are carried upward by
thunderstorm updrafts into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere and freeze.

A

Hails

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6
Q

_________ is
like a mix of rain and snow, it starts as a snowflake but melts into raindrops as it fals
through a layer of warm air

A

Sleet

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7
Q

_______ are ice crystals
that form in the cold clouds.

A

Snows

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8
Q

__________: Driven by the rapid upward movement of warm air, leading to
short, intense rainfall often with thunderstorms or hail.

A

Convective Storms

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9
Q

___________: Occur when moist air is forced to rise over mountains, causing
heavy rain on the windward side and drier conditions on the leeward side

A

Orographic Storms

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10
Q

____________: Associated with large low-pressure systems, bringing widespread,
prolonged rainfall over large areas.

A

Cyclonic Storms

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11
Q

___________: Intense cyclonic storms forming over warm oceans,
producing very heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm surges.

A

Hurricanes/Tropical Cyclones

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12
Q

Refers to how much water has falen over a period of time. In most cases
this is measured in an hour basis and has a unit of mm (in most cases)

A

depth

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13
Q

Refers to the length of time rainfall occurs.

A

duration

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14
Q

A ___________ may affect soil density and permeability, but it will not likely have
much effect on soil erosion and runoff.

A

high intensity rainfall for a
short duration

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15
Q

defines as the ratio of the total amount of rain (Rainfal depth) faling
during a given period to the duration of the period it is expressed in depth units
per unit time, usualy as mm per hour (mm/h)

A

intensity

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16
Q

_________ and ________ can have a large influence on
whether the rainfal infiltrates or becomes surface runoff.

A

intensity and duration

17
Q

_________
produces larger size raindrops which have more impact energy, and thus higher
intensity storms can damage vegetation and soil; it also displaces soil particles
contributing to the process of soil deposition and weathering

A

Higher rainfall intensity

18
Q

a graphical representation of the relationship between the rainfall
intensity and time.

A

Hyetography

19
Q

________ is the rainfall during a given time interval which is often one storm.

A

Point rainfall

20
Q

A
_________ is the instrument most commonly used to measure the amount of rain that
reaches the ground surface during a storm. It collects rainwater into a cylindrical vessel
of a fixed diameter.

A

rain gauge

21
Q

___________ are usually provided in units of water depth (inches or
millimeters) to which rainwater would stand on an area, if al the rain were collected on
it.

A

Rainfall measurements

22
Q

Before the use of rainfall records of a station for hydrological analysis of storm,
water resources, floods, etc. It is necessary to first check the data for _____ and ______

A

continuity and
consistency.

22
Q

_________ refers to the availability of continuous record of previous rainfall

A

Continuity

23
Q

________ means that rainfall data of previous year should be consistent with
the present environmental condition.

A

consistency

24
Q

the continuity of a record may be
broken with missing data due to many reasons such as _________ in a rain gauge
during a period, or ________.

A

damage or fault, absence of an observer

25
Q

used if If the normal precipitation at each of the selected stations is within 10% of that
station with missing data

A

ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD

26
Q

used when If the normal precipitation/rainfal at any of the selected stations is more than
10% of that station with missing records. Consists of weighing the precipitation at the
various stations by the ratios of normal annual precipitations

A

NORMAL RATIO METHOD

27
Q

_________ is a procedure applied in order to predict average
value of a hydrological parameter in a certain area.

A

Arithmetical mean method

28
Q

The method is widely
employed in hydrology with the aim of approximating local averages where detailed
______ is lacking.

A

Arithmetic mean method, spatial information

29
Q

The __________ method calculates average precipitation over an area by
assigning weightage to each station based on the area closest to the station. This
method is superior to the arithmetic-average method as it rationally assigns weightage
to various stations.

A

Thiessen-polygon

30
Q

The__________ for each station is determined using a
planimeter or overlay grid.

A

weightage factor

31
Q

The _________ is described as a procedure of estimating average
precipitation by using lines caled isohyets and which connect points of equal rainfal.
This method entails drawing ____ derived from precipitation data of different stations
and then taking an average precipitation by integrating over the areas which
correspond to these lines.

A

Isohyetal Method, isohyets

32
Q

Isohyetal Method incorporates ________ of precipitation

A

spatial heterogeneity

33
Q

A test for consistency of record or for rain gauge inconsistency

A

DOUBLE-MASS ANALYSIS

34
Q

Common causes of inconsistency

A
  1. Shifting of a rain gauge station to a new location
  2. The neighborhood of the station undergoing a marked change
  3. Change in the ecosystem due to calamities such as forest fires and landslides.
  4. Occurrence of observational error from a certain date.
35
Q

the ___________ is used to detect if data at a site
have been subjected to a significant change in magnitude due to external factors
such as problems with instrumentation, observation practices, or recording conditions.

A

double-mass analysis

Hydrology (3 decks)

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