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Gerontology > Practice Exams > Flashcards

Practice Exams Flashcards

1
Q

Which indicator classifies persons according to attributes such as physical appearance and mental capacity?

modernization theory
functional age
life stage
age stratification

A

Functional age

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2
Q

Which would be a longitudinal study of vision reveal?

age differences
age changes
age grading
age norms

A

Age changes

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3
Q

What is ageism?

study of the process of aging in the human body
prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older people because of their age
principles and policies concerning the care of older adults
a popular theory concerning the older generation’s prejudice towards younger generations

A

Prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older people because of their age

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4
Q

Which is a major limitation of cross-sectional research? It does not…

separate age from period effects
select appropriate samples
eliminate investigator bias
account for intervening variables

A

Separate age from period effects

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5
Q

What is likely to happen to professional interest in the development of gerontology as the proportion of older people increase? Interest will…

continue to grow
begin to fall
remain the same
grow for a while and then fall

A

Continue to grow

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6
Q

Which term best describes the comparison of educational achievements of older adults to the educational achievements of younger adults?

life stages
cohort effects
biological aging
social psychological aging

A

Cohort effects

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7
Q

Which is chronological aging?

the stage of life marked by major social transitions
the stage when physical and mental frailty predominate
the time that elapses as an organism moves from birth to death
the decrease in ability to cope with one’s environment

A

The time that elapses as an organism moves from birth to death

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8
Q

Which is the best example of social aging?

social interaction declines as people age
people enroll for Social Security at age 65
social functions are based on age categories
verbal interactions among older people increase

A

People enroll for Social Security at age 65

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9
Q

One year after being asked their opinion of the president, the same sample of older people is asked again abut their opinion of the president. Which type of study is this called

cross-sectional
longitudinal
population
trend

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

In 1960, parents of children with developmental disabilities were studied. A gerontological researcher is planning to study possible personality changes in those parents. What would be an appropriate research methodology for the researcher to employ?

cross-sectional design
longitudinal design
period analysis
time series analysis

A

Longitudinal design

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11
Q

If one were to observe a roomful of the eldest older people, what would be the sex and marital status of most of those present?

women who were never married
women who were widowed
men who were never married
men who were widowed

A

Women who were widowed

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12
Q

Which factor does not explain the recent growth of the older population in the United States?

the large number of people born when the birth rate was high are now reaching age 65
many young adults immigrated to the US during WWII and are now reaching age 65
improvements in medical technology have increased life expectancy
there has been a dramatic decrease in accidental deaths

A

There has been a dramatic decrease in accidental deaths

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13
Q

Why do young adults tend to migrate from their community of origin?

for economic opportunity
for cost-of-living reasons
to be nearer retired family members
to get away from problems such as crime or congestion

A

For economic opportunity

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14
Q

When they retired, which cohort can expect that there will be relatively few workers contributing to the Social Security system?

depression cohort
baby boom cohort
baby bust cohort
turn-of-the-century cohort

A

Baby boom cohort

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15
Q

Where are men age 75 or older more likely to live?

alone
with spouses
with relatives other than their spouse
in a nursing home

A

With spouses

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16
Q

Which accurately describes co-morbidity?

men and women age 65 and over are equally likely to have one or more chronic diseases
one-fourth of all men age 65 and over have 3 or more chronic diseases
half of all women age 65 and over have 2 or more chronic diseases
older women of color have fewer chronic diseases than older men of color

A

Half of all women age 65 and over have 2 or more chronic diseases

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17
Q

Approximately what percentage of the older population lives in nursing homes?

5%
10%
25%
50%

A

5%

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18
Q

What is the age and sex composition of a population in stage one of the demographic transition?

up to 15% of the population is old, with women outnumbering men
the old represent <5% of the population, which approx. equals numbers of men and women
a combination of large families and increased life expectancy results in a growing general population and a slight increase in the proportion of older adults
up to 10% of the population is old, with men outnumbering women because of the dangers of childbirth

A

The old represent <5% of the population, with approx. equal numbers of men and owmen

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19
Q

The age dependency ratio provides what kind of information? Information about…

how many older adults will be collecting Social Security
the cost to society of supporting nonworking older adults
how many of the working age population will need social supports in later life
the potential reliance of older adults on the services of the working age population

A

The potential reliance of older adults on the services of the working age population

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20
Q

Which statement best explains the differences in the quality and quantity of services provided in the US to older Black persons and older White persons? Most older Black persons…

have minimal extended family support systems to provided needed help
do not participate in government-funded social service programs to the same extent as older White persons
believe in self-sufficiency and prefer not to seek services from outside their cultural and social communities
see their problems or needs as unique and as not fitting existing programs that are used by older White persons

A

Do not participate in government-funded social service programs to the same extent as older White persons

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21
Q

Which accurately illustrates the negative effect of a critical variable on the status of older persons in a culture?

elders lose utility and authority because rapid social change has made their skills obsolete
the extended family, which is typically patriarchal, replaces the nuclear family as industrialization demands mobility
highly educated elders are ignored by younger persons who value on the job training
the shift from hard physical labor to less physically demanding occupations in a society makes it difficult for elders to justify staying on the job

A

Elders lose utility and authority because rapid social change has made their skills obsolete

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22
Q

Which theory of aging suggests that the accumulation of highly reactive molecules interferes with normal cell function?

wear-and-tear theory
cross-linkage theory
gene mutation theory
free radical theory

A

Free radical theory

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23
Q

Which term describes the changes that ordinarily occur int he post-reproductive period and that result in decreased survival capacity?

climacteric
dementia
menopause
senescence

A

Senescence

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24
Q

Which is a major factor in older people’s tendency to have trouble with body temperature regulation?

changes in skin pigmentation related to sun exposure
deterioration of touch sensation
reduced blood circulation in subcutaneous skin
replacement of muscle mass with fat

A

Reduced blood circulation in subcutaneous skin

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25
Q

Which is an example of normal aging?

percentage of total body water increases with age
a tendency to gain weight up to the age of 90
shoulder width increases with age
less efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Less efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Which aspect of living in a nursing home can contribute to the negative effects on the psychological function of the residents?

taking on new role demands
having increased physical limitations
feeling a loss of control over one’s life
choosing from too many scheduled leisure activities

A

Feeling a loss of control over one’s life

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27
Q

What are conditions such as arthritis, hearing impairment, and heart problems that limit the activities of older adults and become more prevalent with increasing age generally labeled?

chronic
acute
senescent
morbid

A

Chronic

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28
Q

What is a major difference between chronic disease and acute disease? Chronic disease…

is reversible
is communicable
results from the normal aging process
often leaves a residual impairment

A

Often leaves a residual impairment

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29
Q

Which best describes the effects of aging on vision?

visual acuity decreases until about age 40 and then becomes stable
decrease in pupil size makes glare less of a problem in brightly lighted areas
incidence of far-farsightedness increases with age up to the age 60, but not much more after the age of 60
less light is needed for projects because the pupil gets bigger and allows more light to enter the eye

A

Incidence of far-farsightedness increases with age up to the age 60, but not much more after the age 60

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30
Q

If an individual chooses a lifestyle that is sedentary and does not include any exercise, what is likely to happen?

the number of collagen fibers decreases
compact bone thickens
cartilage healing quickens
physical pain levels increase

A

The number of collagen fibers decreases

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31
Q

What is the most common chronic medical condition found in older persons?

hypertension
heart disease
diabetes
arthritis

A

Arthritis

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32
Q

If an older adult develops an acute medical condition and does not seek medical attention, what is most likely to occur?

older person is likely to perform self-treatment
older person’s caregiver will likely provide assistance
older person is likely to become ill as the condition worsens
older person is likely to have no problems as the condition resolves itself

A

The older person is likely to become ill as the condition worsens

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33
Q

Which factor is most closely related to a high quality of care in nursing homes?

nonprofit ownership
for-profit ownership
modern facilities
staff attitudes

A

Staff attitudes

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34
Q

Which statement is not accurate about the general effects of the aging process?

Beginning in middle adulthood and continuing into old age, physiological changes occur rapidly
age decrements are greater in complex behaviors that involve more than one organ system
there is a greater incidence of diseases in older persons due to increased susceptibility to stress and impaired immune function
adequate maintenance of homeostasis becomes increasingly difficult with age

A

Beginning in middle adulthood and continuing into old age, physiological changes occur rapidly

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35
Q

Most older adults experience an age-related decrease in liver weight. Why is it important for medical personnel to understand this change?

cancer of the liver usually occurs in persons who experience a decrease in liver weight
the weight of the liver is a strong predictor of the age at which a person will die
loss of liver tissue reduces the liver’s ability to metabolize certain drugs
reduced liver weight may indicate the presence of hepatitis int he person

A

Loss of liver tissue reduces the liver’s ability to metabolize certain drugs

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36
Q

Which 73 year old person is most likely to commit suicide?

a man who has had chronic arthritis since he was 55
a woman who has been diagnosed with ovarian cancer
a woman who recently lost her husband
a man who recently lost his wife

A

A man who recently lost his wife

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37
Q

Which is a characteristic of senescence?

is universal among all older adults
affects all organs of the body simultaneously
has a positive impact on the body’s functioning
is the result of environmental impact on the body

A

Is universal among all older adults

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38
Q

Which criterion for a valid biological theory of aging relates to the ability of the organism to correct the losses incurred? The process must be…

universal
deleterious
progressive
intrinsic

A

Intrinsic

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39
Q

A 77 year old man has shown a decline in how rapidly he can count his money when purchasing items at the store. Which best explains what has occurred?

an eye-hand coordination problem makes handling small objects difficult
he does not use this skill much and has lost speed
he is cautious and worried about making an error
there has been a long-term memory loss

A

He is cautious and worried about making an error

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40
Q

Which practice that older drivers often use to compensate for the decline in reaction time and information processing may contribute to a higher rate of accidents per miles driven?

choosing larger, newer cars with safety features such as airbags
restricting driving to daytime hours and always having someone ride with him
restricting driving to the local community and not making long highway trips
varying their rate of speed and using the break more frequently

A

Restricting driving to the local community and not making long highway trips

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41
Q

Which theory indicates that it is normal for older adults to decrease their involvement with usual activities and social roles?

continuity theory
disengagement theory
life course theory
modernization theory

A

Disengagement theory

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42
Q

Intellectual performance of older persons, as measured by IQ tests, begins to fail shortly before death. Which term describes this phenomenon

terminal decline
intellectual distortion
fluid intelligence decay
state dependent learning

A

Terminal decline

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43
Q

Response slowing with age is greatest on which type of task?

complex, timed
simple, timed
complex, untimed
simple, untimed

A

Complex, timed

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44
Q

Gerontologists suggest that disengagement from roles and activities by older adults is more likely if which correlate occurs?

health threats
inter generational dependency
lowered self-esteem
social isolation

A

Health threats

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45
Q

Which is an accurate statement about the self-esteem of older persons?

self-esteem is likely to be high
self-esteem is likely to be low
males are likely to have higher self-esteem than females
females are likely to have higher self-esteem than males

A

Self-esteem is likely to be high

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46
Q

Which mental ability is least likely to decline with advancing age?

cognitive flexibility
perceptual speed
spatial reasoning
vocabulary knowledge

A

Vocabulary knowledge

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47
Q

According to Erikson, in which stage of growth and development does the older adult feel that life has meaning and accept both the negative and positive aspects of life?

integrity vs despair
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
trust vs mistrust

A

Integrity vs despair

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48
Q

Before settling on a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, a physician must first rule out which condition?

CVA
schizophrenia
reversible organic mental disorder
depression

A

Reversible organic mental disorder

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49
Q

Which persons are most likely to develop functional mental disorders late in life? Persons who…

live in institutions
graduated from college
suffer from retirement anxiety
always found it difficult to cope with changes

A

Always found it difficult to cope with changes

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50
Q

Which theory would describe mandatory retirement as the system in which workers first trade skills for wages and later receive Social Security benefits, pensions, and Medicare as compensation for leaving the labor force?

activity theory
continuity theory
disengagement theory
exchange theory

A

Exchange theory

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51
Q

Which description of organic brain disorders is accurate?

their primary symptom are hallucinations and delusions
they typically include dementia and loss of memory
they are more easily treatable than chronic diseases
their causes may be related to factors such as medication interactions or poor circulation

A

They typically include dementia and loss of memory

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52
Q

What happens when people have repeatedly been unable to respond to stressful situations with a fight-or-flight reaction?

experience helps them to make adjustments to correct the situation
they tend to minimize the incidents over time
they are more likely to require psychological intervention
the recall of these incidents can result in illness

A

The recall of these incidents can result in illness

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53
Q

A recent widow no longer feels comfortable socializing with couples she and her husband used to see regularly. What recommendation might resolve the widow’s difficulties?

join the couples and talk about being widowed
develop friendships with other widows
pursue more solitary activities
find other couples to interact with

A

Develop friendships with other widows

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54
Q

What does modernization theory suggest happened to the status of older persons as the US moved from an agrarian to an industrial society? The status of older persons…

increased
remained stable
declined
increased and then declined

A

Declined

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55
Q

Which group tends to place age constraints on older persons?

young adults
late middle-aged men
early middle-aged women
older adults, themselves

A

Older adults, themselves

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56
Q

Which is a description of how historical events and life events influence an older person’s choices in life?

biographical life course
cohort life course
cultural life course
statistical life course

A

Biographical life course

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57
Q

Who provides most of the personal care for older people who are frail?

family members
certified health care providers
home health aides
case managers

A

Family members

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58
Q

What happens to older adults’ informal support networks as the adults age? The networks tend to…

grow smaller
become significantly larger
remain stable
become more focused on specific individuals

A

Remain stable

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59
Q

Why are older persons less likely to be victims of violent crimes?

tend to restrict their social activity
generally have few visible assets
likely to have home security systems
tend to live in secure neighborhoods

A

Tend to restrict their social activity

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60
Q

Which characteristic is present in most relationships between older people and their adult children?

there is diminished inter generational contact
parents become increasingly dependent on their children
large geographic distances separate parents and children
children experience strong feelings of duty and obligation to their parents

A

Children experience strong feelings of duty and obligation to their parents

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61
Q

Approximately what percentage of older people are homeowners?

20%
40%
60%
80%

A

80%

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62
Q

Expectations about what older people are allowed or required to do and to be are referred to by what term?

adaptational indicators
age norms
consensual validation
lifestyles

A

Age norms

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63
Q

What occurs in terms of commitment to their religion as people age? Their commitment…

lessens
remains the same as in their young adulthood
deepens
fluctuates depending on health status

A

Deepens

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64
Q

According to Levinson, what marks the transition period from middle to old age?

sharp discontinuity
formal rites of passage
increased responsibility
structural changes

A

Structural changes

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65
Q

Which most accurately describes the current state of grand parenthood in the US?

most grandparents live in different states than their children and grandchildren do, and therefore they do not see each other very often
due to the decline in the fertility rate and people waiting to have children until they are older, fewer older adults have grandchildren than in past generations
increased life expectancy and earlier marriages have led more older adults to experience grand parenthood than in previous generations
when grandparents are involved with their grandchildren, they usually try to control the grandchildren’s behavior rather than indulging them

A

Increased life expectancy and earlier marriages have led more older adults to experience grand parenthood than in previous generations

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66
Q

Which status of marital satisfaction most common after adult children leave home? Marital satisfaction…

continue to decrease
remain low
steadily increase
briefly peak

A

Steadily increase

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67
Q

From a symbolic interaction perspective, what does leisure time represent to an older person? Leisure time

related to the ideal self
an extension of work or career
neutral and a source of entertainment
a continuation of personal development

A

Related to the ideal self

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68
Q

Which issue is given little attention by most workers int he process of planning for retirement?

income level and financial needs
health and long-term care needs
post-retirement employment
self-esteem and leisure needs

A

Self-esteem and leisure needs

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69
Q

Which was a significant trend in labor force participation in the 1980s?

more people retired at full retirement age
participation in the labor force began to drop at age 62
the peak labor force participation for women equaled that of men
more people used bridge employment as they moved toward full retirement

A

More people used bridge employment as they moved toward full retirement

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70
Q

Which is the major reason fro decrease in the proportion of older people living in poverty over past 30 years?

a change in secured income programs
a change in fiscal priorities of programs benefiting older people
improvements in Social Security benefits
increases in Medicare benefits

A

Improvements in Social Security benefits

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71
Q

Economists generally agree that for retirees to maintain their standard of living, they must receive approximately what percentage of pre-retirement income?

25%
50%
75%
90%

A

75%

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72
Q

In the United States, which accurately characterizes older adults who are still in the workforce?

they are as fully productive as younger workers
they become less loyal to the organization as retirement approaches
they have more work-related injuries than younger works
they are more likely than younger workers to take time off from work

A

They are as fully productive as younger workers

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73
Q

Which is most descriptive of social insurance?

it insures against income loss
it makes profits fro the private sector
it insures only a select group of citizens
it insures only people who are currently working

A

It insures only a select group of citizens

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74
Q

Besides financial security, which is the most important factor that influences the timing of retirement?

health
marital status
active friendships
job dissatisfaction

A

Health

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75
Q

What is predicted as a future direction for the retirement systems including Social Security?

conflict will arise between companies that want older workers to stay on and the Social Security system that wants people to stop working no later than age 67
increase Social Security taxes will cause a taxpayer revolt
demographic turnover will cause an increase in retirement income
future retirees will receive less than half their pre-retirement income

A

Demographic turnover will cause an increase in retirement income

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76
Q

Which characteristic economic situation of older adults makes them vulnerable to fraud?

they avoid using public transportation even if they have no car to fall back on
they frequently own an older home that is paid fro but in poor condition
they keep large quantities of prescription medications in their homes
they have higher incomes than others in their neighborhoods

A

They frequently own an older home that is paid for but in poor condition

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77
Q

Which reason best explains the original intent of the federal government’s passage of the Social Security Act of 1935? Social Security was to

pay for the basic living expenses of all retirees
provide income for medical expenses for all retirees
encourage workers over the age of 70 to fully retire
augment other sources of retirement income for retirees

A

Augment other sources of retirement income for retirees

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78
Q

What is the primary reason that older workers generally choose to work part-time after retirement?

boredom
worth ethic
economic necessity
job satisfaction

A

Economic necessity

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79
Q

Private pensions provide approximately what percentage of the overall income of the older population?

<20%
20-30%
30-40%
>40%

A

<20%

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80
Q

Which is most likely to show a decline after retirement?

community involvement
family relationships
health
income

A

Income

81
Q

Which age difference in political behavior is attributable to cohort effect? Older adults are more likely than younger adults to…

have a strong party affiliation
identify themselves as independents
vote for an older candidate
focus on local rather than national issues

A

Have a strong party affiliation

82
Q

Which federal entity funds a local network of agencies to provide services for the aging?

Medicaid
Medicare
Older Americans Act
Supplemental Security Income

A

Older Americans Act

83
Q

Which model of health care delivery is exemplified by the Medicare program?

holistic
medical
social
wellness

A

Medical

84
Q

Which is a weakness of both the Medicare and Medicaid programs? Both programs primarily

pay for care in institutions
pay for the least restrict level of care
support community-based care programs
support preventative care as a mechanism for saving money

A

Pay for care in institutions

85
Q

Which statement is true concerning the relationship between older adults in the US and public policy?

political parties have rarely been influenced to endorse the concerns of older adults
social movements such as the Gray Panthers were formed to raise the public consciousness regarding the problems of older adults
older adults frequently vote as a block on federal issues to get laws passed
older adults lack time to become involved in public policy concerns

A

Social movements such as the Gray Panthers were formed to raise the public consciousness regarding the problems of older adults

86
Q

Which criterion is most often used to classify people to determine their eligibility for government program benefits?

biological age
chronological age
functional age
sociological age

A

Chronological age

87
Q

In which age group is voting participation greatest?

30-35
40-45
60-65
70-75

A

60-65

88
Q

Which statement best describes the Medicaid program for older adults? Medicaid is a

federal program that requires participant contribution through payroll deductions
state-based program that requires participant contributions through payroll deductions
federal program that provides medical coverage for older adults at all levels of care
federal and sate income-based program for funding health care for people with low income

A

Federal and state income-based program for funding health care for people with low incomes

89
Q

What is the biggest obstacle to the growth of the personal assistance model in home care for older adults?

lack of available personal assistants
Medicaid regulations
the frailty of the older population
lack of public funding

A

Medicaid regulations

90
Q

What was the main accomplishment of the 1961 White House Conference on Aging?

Supplemental Security Act was passed
more people were include din social welfare programs
awareness of the problems facing Medicare was increased
awareness of the poverty among older adults was increased

A

Awareness of the poverty among older adults was increased

91
Q

Which housing alternative is most financially accessible to older persons with low incomes?

single room occupancy hotel
HUD units
life-care communities
retirement communities

A

HUD units

92
Q

Which feature is typical of assisted living house?

emphasis is on residents’ choices
there is a prearranged plan of care
unrelated people share the same room
the housing provider supplies furniture

A

The housing provider supplies furniture

93
Q

Which advocacy organization fro the aging has the largest membership?

American Association of Retired Persons
American Society on Aging
National Caucus on the Black Aged
National Council on Aging

A

American Association of Retired Persons

94
Q

What is the most important way the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) affected how older people are seen and treated by government? AARP…

sponsors regional political debates on issues of concern to older people
is able to rally its membership to vote as a bloc on political issues
makes the needs of older people politically visible
joins together with other organizations to exert influence through large numbers

A

Makes the needs of older people politically visible

95
Q

An older woman has recently become widowed. Her only son counsels her that the best thing to do is to get over her grief and get on with her life. What effect is the son’s advice likely to have on this woman’s adjustment to widowhood? The advice will…

make the adjustment easier
make the adjustment more difficult
lead to alienation as it was unsolicited
have no effect on the adjustment

A

Make the adjustment more difficult

96
Q

In terms of the death of their spouse, what reaction do widows report more often than widowers?

more difficulty in expressing grief
greater sense of abandonment
psychosomatic illnesses
more difficulty in working during bereavement

A

Greater sense of abandonment

97
Q

A medical caregiver provides a client with a lethal dose of a drug. What kind of euthanasia is the caregiver practicing?

passive
active
involuntary
voluntary

A

Active

98
Q

In the general population, how do the rates of suicide for persons over 65 differ from the suicide rate among younger persons? The rates…

higher among females than among males at all ages
lower among young males than among young females
show a study decrease for males as they grow older
show a steady increase for males as they grow older

A

Show a steady increase for males as they grow older

99
Q

The Kubler-Ross description of the stages of the dying process is most often criticized by researchers for which reason?

older people never experience the denial stage
there is no typical unidirectional sequence of stages
the stages appear to be different for men than for women
most of the stages involve feelings that are not experienced by dying people

A

There is no typical unidirectional sequence of stages

100
Q

Why is chronological age typically used as a means of determining eligibility for social programs?

there is a general agreement among service providers when old age begins
age is easily assessed and measured
age is a reliable indicator of people’s needs and abilities
the experiences and needs of older people tend to be constant over time

A

Age is easily assessed and measured

101
Q

Which approrach is based on a longitudinal research design? A researcher

examines the average incomes of various racial groups in a given year
collects cross-national data on the number of older ethnic group members in long-term care facilities
monitors age-related cardiovascular system changes in a cohort from middle age to old age
determines the percentage of people over 85 in assisted-living facilities

A

Monitors age-related cardiovascular system changes in a cohort from middle age to old age

102
Q

What term refers to a group of people who were born at roughly the same time and experienced the same historical conditions?

a continuum
a category
a cohort
a class

A

A cohort

103
Q

What is geriatrics? A specialty concerned with

prevention and management of the diseases of aging
biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
impact of social and sociocultural conditions on the process of aging
administration of long-term care agencies

A

Prevention and management of the diseases of aging

104
Q

Which best explains the level of interest shown in the topic of aging over the past 20 years?

individuals are more concerned with their own longevity and are taking an interest in gerontology
the increasing number of older adults has made the problems of aging more visible and widely known
older people have begun voting as a bloc and their political clout has captured media attention
the quality of life of older people is lower than in the past and the problems of aging seem more pressing

A

The increasing number of older adults has made the problems of aging more visible and widely known

105
Q

A gerontological researcher is interested in learning about how income needs change throughout the life course. Which research design would be most appropriate?

cohort-sequential
cross-sectional
cohort analysis
longitudinal

A

Longitudinal

106
Q

Research focusing on limits to the human life span would be likely to examine which effects?

cohort
period
intrinsic, age-caused
extrinsic, reactive

A

Intrinsic, age-caused

107
Q

What are period effects?

the effects that occur in the same individual during different time periods
the effects that depend on the age of the person who is living through a specific time period
the effects that occur in people of different ages during different time periods
the effects of a particular time period on the perceptions of a person’s chronological age

A

The effects that depend on the age of the person who is living through a specific time period

108
Q

An advocacy group for older people wants to challenge the major source of negative stereotyping. Where should this group focus its efforts?

churches
educational institutions
neighborhood social groups
mass media

A

Mass media

109
Q

Which research design should an investigator use to study how the sense of hearing changes as people age?

experimental
longitudinal
cross-sectional
cross-sequential

A

Longitudinal

110
Q

Which is a weakness of the age dependency ratio? The age dependency ratio

includes only retired older adults
can be used to indicate population aging
does not account for employed older adult workers
indicates the percentage of the total population that is dependent on the working population

A

Does not account for employed older adult workers

111
Q

For which is the ratio of males to females in the population over 65 less than one to one?

higher male birth rate
higher female birth rate
higher male mortality rate
higher female mortality rate

A

Higher male mortality rate

112
Q

What is the total dependency ratio? The total dependency ratio is the ratio between the number of

people who are considered young and the number of people who are considered old
men who are in the workforce and the number of women who are not in the workforce
people who are in the workforce and the number of people who are out of the workforce
people who are well most of the time and the number of people who are ill most of the time

A

People who are in the workforce and the number of people who are out of the workforce

113
Q

What explains the high proportion of people age 65 and over in Midwest states?

people who migrated to Eastern states for work have chosen to return to their home state upon retirement
older people have chosen to retire to the Midwest because it represents, solid, traditional values
young people who have tended to migrate out of the Midwest states, leaving a greater proportion of older people
rural states are generally “grayer” than states with large metropolitan areas

A

Young people have tended to migrate out of the Midwest states, leaving a greater proportion of older people

114
Q

What is the poverty rate among Americans 65 and older?

about 10%
about 17%
about 35%
about 50%

A

About 10%

115
Q

What best characterizes today’s older adult who is homeless?

she was recently released from a psychiatric hospital
he has been homeless for >10 years
she describes herself as homeless by choice
he has a history of substance abuse

A

He has been homeless for >10 years

116
Q

What is the purpose of a population pyramid?

to show the actual and projected distribution of young and older persons in the population
to show the proportions of young and older persons in the population as bands representing 10-year birth cohorts
to show the relationship between life expectancy at birth and life expectancy at age 65
to show the geographic distribution of older persons across a continent

A

To show the proportions of young and older persons in the population as bands representing 10-year birth cohorts

117
Q

Which effect does modernization theory indicate?

health technology enables older people to continue to compete effectively in the job market
scientific technology allows older people to work from home, increasingly their flexibility
improved literacy decreases intellectual and moral distance between young and older people
urbanization increases social distance between young and older family members

A

Urbanization increases social distance between young and older family members

118
Q

Which factor did not contribute to the sharp rise in the median age of the population between 1970 and 2000?

dramatic increase in the birth rate after the mid-1960s
large numbers of immigrants before the 1920s
high birth rates in the period from 1890 to 1915
increases in longevity

A

Dramatic increase in the birth rate after the mid-1960s

119
Q

Which measure rises when the birth rate rises?

fertility rates
life expectancy
population pyramid
total dependency ratio

A

Total dependency ratio

120
Q

Which group of older persons is most likely to be living alone or to be institutionalized?

black females
black males
white females
white males

A

White females

121
Q

Which person is the most typical resident of a nursing home?

71 year old widower with a broken hip
76 year old woman with CHF
81 year old widow with dementia
91 year old man needing assistance with ADLs

A

81 year old widow with dementia

122
Q

Which is the most important factor contributing to substance abuse in older persons?

social pressure to conform
nearness to death
high rate of chronic illness
decreased enforcement of legal restrictions

A

High rate of chronic illness

123
Q

What impact does the development of presbyopia have in a person’s life?

it becomes difficult to see clearly at a distance
it is difficult to read print that is near
it causes excessive glare especially in bright sunlight
it makes it difficult to distinguish among dark colors

A

It is difficult to read print that is near

124
Q

Which best characterizes the association between age and suicide?

older adult women have a higher rate than younger adult women
younger people have a higher rate of successful suicide completions than do older people
when experiencing sudden physical deterioration, older men are more likely to commit suicide than younger men
young-old persons commit suicide at higher rates than old-old persons because of despondency related to early retirement

A

When experiencing sudden physical deterioration, older men are more likely to commit suicide than younger men

125
Q

Which are the leading causes of death among persons of age 65?

arthritis, accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, and suicide
heart disease, cancer, accidents, and stroke
heart disease, bone disease, liver failure, and diabetes
accidents, stroke, pneumonia, and hypertension

A

Heart disease, cancer, accidents, and stroke

126
Q

How can a 79-year old woman who is relatively healthy help prevent loss of muscle strength?

participate in regular exercise
maintain a low-fat diet
take estrogen replacements
add vitamin supplements to the diet

A

Participate in regular exercise

127
Q

Which term is used to describe health conditions that are long term, and either create residual disability or are permanent?

acute
catastrophic
chronic
terminal

A

Chronic

128
Q

Which condition is acute rather than chronic?

osteoporosis
pneumonia
atrophic gastritis
urinary incontinence

A

Pneumonia

129
Q

To what is the increase in falls of older adults most commonly attributed?

clinical depression
tripping or stumbling in the home
chronic cardiac conditions
interaction with another older person

A

Tripping or stumbling in the home

130
Q

Which metabolic by-products damage molecules and impair physiological functioning during aging?

free radicals
genetic mutations
cytotoxic antibodies
homeostatic cross-links

A

Free radicals

131
Q

What is the impact of the normal aging process on the digestive system? It results in

the need to use laxatives to alleviate constipation
the need to use iron pills to supplement the production of hemoglobin and red blood cells
little change in metabolic processes if liver pills are used
little change in functioning if diet is appropriate

A

Little change in functioning if diet is appropriate

132
Q

Which acute condition is most likely to affect a person over 65?

bodily injury causing fracture
intestinal infection causing diarrhea
neurological injury such as concussion
respiratory infection such as bronchitis

A

Respiratory infection such as bronchitis

133
Q

Which procedure would best minimize the negative effects associated with relocating an older adult from one nursing home to another?

involve the person in planning the move
accomplish the relocation as quickly as possible
anticipate the person’s needs and plan accordingly
ensure that the new nursing home differs substantially from the old

A

Involve the person in planning the move

134
Q

Which entities administer the majority of nursing homes in the US?

state and local governments
proprietary organizations
private and nonprofit organizations
church-sponsored organizations

A

Proprietary organizations

135
Q

What is the expected result of an older person’s engaging in a regular program of physical exercise?

a reduced incidence of arthritis
a reduced need for sleep
an increased heart rate
an increased lung capacity

A

An increased lung capacity

136
Q

What term refers to the normal changes in human physiology that takes place after maturity?

decrement
terminal decline
progressive loss
senescence

A

Senescence

137
Q

Int he US, which is an emerging area of concern for persons who provide social services to older adults?

self-neglect
physical abuse
financial fraud
exploitative schemes

A

Self-neglect

138
Q

How are muscles affected by aging?

they diminish in mass, with a corresponding increase in fat proportion
the number of fibers increases and joints become more elastic
they become more efficient at processing medications
as water content of the body increases, muscle mass declines

A

They diminish in mass, with a corresponding increase in fat proportion

139
Q

Which function shows the least amount of decline with age?

short-term memory
long-term memory
reaction time
perceptual integrative ability

A

Long-term memory

140
Q

Which conclusion can be drawn from the research on intelligence testing of older adults?

there is a high correlation between older adults’ reports of memory loss and their IQ test performance
older adults tend to perform poorly on verbal sub tests of IQ tests
the IQ scores of older adults may be related to time and years of education
the older adults tested showed consistency across sub tests on the IQ tests

A

The IQ scores of older adults may be related to time and years of education

141
Q

Which factor does not seem to account for an older adult’s ability to maintain high self-esteem in later years?

adequacy of economic resources
high level of social activity
comparison to reference groups
type of living arrangements

A

Type of living arrangements

142
Q

Which hypothesis explains the sharply lowered cognitive functioning a few months before a person’s death?

terminal decline
senescence
anomic condition
loss of reserve capacity

A

Terminal decline

143
Q

How do persons who are internally oriented respond to the environment? Persons who are internally oriented

believe that they are in control of themselves and their surroundings
believe that they must resist pressure to change
tend to need frequent group activity and social approval
tend to avoid large-group activities and to seek solitude

A

Believe hat they are in control of themselves and their surroundings

144
Q

Which task do younger adults perform better than older adults?

being a sales executive
counseling a dying patient
responding directly to a question
feeding paper into a computer printer

A

Responding directly to a question

145
Q

Which list of interventions provides the best option for treating an older adult who has been diagnosed with depression?

family therapy, reality orientation, and structured activity
individual psychotherapy, group support, and medication
individual psychotherapy, structured activity, and family therapy
reality orientation, group support, and medication

A

Individual psychotherapy, group support, and medication

146
Q

Which statement best characterizes Alzheimer’s disease?

mental deterioration due to a series of transient ischemic attacks
a short-term viral illness followed by rapid mental deterioration
progressive mental deterioration whose manifestations vary among individuals
mental deterioration caused by a recessive gene

A

Progressive mental deterioration whose manifestations vary among individuals

147
Q

Which is the primary non-organic mental disorder experienced by older people?

Alzheimer’s disease
anxiety
depression
multi-infarct dementia

A

Depression

148
Q

If older adults are presumed to have less knowledge, less physical strength, and fewer skills than younger adults, exchange theory would predict what interactional outcome?

age discrimination
mutual satisfaction
increased interdependency
restricted returns on investment

A

Age discrimination

149
Q

Which is the most important factor to consider in assessing whether a patient in a geriatric unit of a psychiatric hospital should be transferred to the community?

the length of time the patient has been institutionalized
the patient’s socioeconomic status
the availability of community mental health resources
the degree of age segregation in the community

A

The availability of community mental health resources

150
Q

An 85-year-old woman says that she feels her life has been well spent. She had a good marriage, work hard, and is proud of her children. Overall, she accepts her life. Based on Erik Erikson’s developmental theory, which concept best fits this woman’s attitude?

generativity
despair
isolation
integrity

A

Integrity

151
Q

A 75-year-old patient with mild brain cell deterioration has a history of becoming lost in familiar surroundings and exhibits poor reasoning ability and difficulty recalling names of objects. Which is the patient’s most likely diagnosis?

anxiety
dementia
depression
paranoia

A

Dementia

152
Q

Which reminder about safe driving would be most useful to a group of older persons attending a refresher driver education course?

drive less often; plan ahead to accomplish as many tasks as possible
never drive alone; always have a companion to give direction and keep you alert
change your rate of speed and use the brake pedal more frequently
maintain your usual driving habits because new cars have more safety features

A

Change your rate of speed and use the brake pedal more frequently

153
Q

For the past six weeks, an 82-year-old woman with osteoporosis has lived in a convalescent and rehabilitation center while recovering from a broken hip. Within a few days, the woman will return to her own home, where she lives alone. Which statement is descriptive of Kahn and Antonucci’s “convoy of social support” for this woman as she completes her recovery at home?

a nurse form the visiting nurse association will monitor the woman’s recovery through home visits two times a week for the next 6 weeks. the nurse will also be available by pager
a good friend will stay with the woman for at least the first two weeks. friends since grade school, the two women have helped each other through numerous ups and downs since childhood
a volunteer from the woman’s church will be the woman’s driver and errand helper while she recovers. the volunteer will take the woman grocery shopping, drive her to her doctor’s appointments, and help with heavy housework
a new next-door neighbor will be paid to do the woman’s laundry and take care of light housekeeping tasks. the neighbor will also bring dinner over each evening

A

A good friend will stay with woman for at least the first two weeks. Friends since grade school, the two women have helped each other through numerous ups and downs since childhood

154
Q

What is the most prevalent form of residential relocation among older people who migrate within the US?

from metropolitan to non metropolitan areas
from an independent to a dependent living arrangement
from rural farm to metropolitan areas
from suburban to urban areas

A

From metropolitan to non metropolitan areas

155
Q

Which theoretical perspective proposes that choice of leisure time activities is related to a person’s concept of self?

age stratification
functionalism
symbolic interaction
discontinuity

A

Symbolic interaction

156
Q

Which is a characteristic of current grandparent roles?

there is little variability in the functions that grandparents service in families
obligations of grandparents to their grandchildren are clearly defined by law
grandfathers tend to have more interaction with grandchildren than grandmothers
there is an increasing trend of grandparents becoming surrogate parents for their grandchildren

A

There is an increasing trend of grandparents becoming surrogate parents for their grandchildren

157
Q

What has research shown about social class differences before retirement and after retirement? The differences tend to

decrease
be the same
increase
fluctuate depending upon global economics

A

Increase

158
Q

Research findings have suggested that marital satisfaction is influenced by how a husband and wife adjust to major life events. Which pair of events are seen as major factors in the marital satisfaction of young-old couples?

death of parents and retirement
the empty nest and retirement
the empty nest and grand parenting
death of parents and grand parenting

A

The empty nest and retirement

159
Q

In pre-industrial societies, what factor was responsible for the higher status generally awarded older people?

accumulated knowledge
number of living descendants
prestige of their ancestors
ownership of property

A

Ownership of property

160
Q

According to age stratification theory, age-appropriate behavior is specified through which process?

cohort flow
disengagement
life review
role allocation

A

Role allocation

161
Q

Why is elder abuse so difficult to recognize and prosecute? Elder abuse most often

is committed by people who have a history of substance abuse
happens in nursing homes and is hard to prove without reliable corroboration
is inflicted on older adults with dementia who do not realize what is happening
happens at home among family members on whom the older persons are dependent

A

Happens at home among family members on whom the older persons are dependent

162
Q

Which is the most important factor in producing conformity to age norms?

socialization, resulting in people applying age norms to themselves
existence of laws governing age-related rights and responsibilities
cohort differences in norms among those born in different historical periods
increasing homogeneity among people as they get older

A

Socialization, resulting in people applying age norms to themselves

163
Q

Which is the most likely reason for an older woman’s limited sexual activity?

postmenopausal vaginal dryness
lack of a suitable partner
performance anxiety
chronic illness

A

Lack of a suitable partner

164
Q

The process in which the past is actively evaluated and attempts at conflict resolution take place is known by what term?

disengagement
life integration
life review
social reconstruction

A

Life review

165
Q

Research suggests that which factor will decrease the strain of the caregiver role and likely provide some benefits?

caregiver and recipient share a home
caregiver is the recipient’s oldest daughter
caregiver and recipient have always been close
caregiver is employed in a management position that pays well

A

Caregiver and recipient have always been close

166
Q

Milestones in the life course are most likely to relate to which factor?

employment
gender
health
income

A

Employment

167
Q

Which is the most accurate statement regarding a worker’s decision to retire at age 65?

it is mandatory according to law
the person will receive full benefits
the person’s health status will worsen
it is perceived as a positive choice

A

It is perceived as a positive choice

168
Q

Based on the literature, what conclusion can be drawn about older workers who remain in the work force? Older workers

are as interested as younger workers in technological change
are viewed by management as just as effective as younger workers
require the same time to recover from job-related injuries as younger workers
demonstrate greater job loyalty, motivation, and satisfaction than younger workers

A

Demonstrate greater job loyalty, motivation, and satisfaction than younger workers

169
Q

According to research, what is the primary difference in adjustment to early retirement found between workers in white-collar positions and workers in blue-collar positions?

adjustment is dependent on whether the retirement was voluntary or involuntary
workers in white-collar positions generally have a difficult adjustment to retirement
workers in blue-collar positions who changed jobs often tend to have an easy adjustment to retirement
retirees form blue-collar positions who have low incomes tend to have more adjustment problems in retirement

A

Retirees from blue-collar positions who have low incomes tend to have more adjustment problems in retirement

170
Q

Which is not a factor in the decline of older adults in the labor force?

an increase int he means of mass production
the rise in importance of large firms
a rise in the crude birth rate
the growth of old-age assistance programs

A

A rise in the crude birth rate

171
Q

A woman enters the workforce at age 50. How long must she work before she can collect Social Security benefits?

10 years
12 years
15 years
17 years

A

12 years

172
Q

For which reason was retirement originally conceived int he early twentieth century?

to support older workers
to open up jobs for younger workers
to balance the budget during the Great Depression
to handle larger numbers of older members of the military

A

To open up jobs for younger workers

173
Q

Which is an accurate statement about the effect of volunteering on older adults?

older adults who volunteer are likely not to have been involved in volunteer work before they retired
older adults are more likely to volunteer than younger adults, but they invest fewer hours per year
older adults who volunteer 40 hours or more a year seem to live longer
older adults choose to volunteer primarily to replace roles they have lost upon retirement

A

Older adults who volunteer 40 hours or more a year seem to live longer

174
Q

Which option offered by an employer would most likely increase retirement satisfaction?

preretirement planning
phased retirement
early retirement incentive
health promotion activities

A

Preretirement planning

175
Q

Which was an effect of the 1983 law banning compulsory retirement policies? Large companies

offered older workers bonuses and extended paid vacations prior to retirement
granted older workers tenure to encourage them to delay retirement
provided restraining for older workers who needed to keep up with technology
established mentorship programs that paired older workers with new employees

A

Offered older works bonuses and extended paid vacations prior to retirement

176
Q

Why do most older women live on less retirement income than most older men?

women may not have needed to work during their younger years because of inherited wealth
women have typically worked in jobs that did not offered retirement benefits
women may have been in the workplace sporadically and have accrued fewer retirement benefits
women have historically been barred from higher paying jobs as their earnings were seen as supplementary

A

Women may have been in the workplace sporadically and have accrued fewer retirement benefits

177
Q

What is the best way of reducing the impact of inflation on older people?

cost of living adjustment
reverse annuity mortgage
senior citizen discounts
financial support of family

A

Cost of living adjustment

178
Q

Which is the major reason for the decrease in the proportion of older people living in poverty over the past 30 years?

a change in secured income programs
a change in fiscal priorities of programs benefiting older people
improvements in Social Security benefits
increases in Medicare benefits

A

Improvements in Social Security benefits

179
Q

When preparing for retirement, most workers indicate that which issue typically is of most importance?

eligibility of health benefits
Social Security and Medicare
level of activity
retirement income

A

Retirement income

180
Q

Which age group in the US has the lowest median income?

21-30
31-44
45-54
65-74

A

65-74

181
Q

Which statement accurately compares the Medicare and Medicaid programs?

Medicare is the main source of payment for nursing home costs; Medicaid pays for nursing home costs in only a small number of cases
Medicare is an age-based program; Medicaid is a needs-based program
Medicare is financed by general tax revenues; Medicaid is financed by the Social Security trust fund
Medicare does not require the insured to pay a significant amount for coinsurance and deductibles; Medicaid requires the insured to pay

A

Medicare is an age-based program; Medicaid is a needs-based program

182
Q

Which pattern of political participation reflects a cohort effect rather than an age effect? Older adults

are less likely to be alienated from the political process, especially in terms of voting, than younger adults
tend more to vote as a single, unified bloc than other age groups
are more likely to have a political party identification, stable since their youth, than younger adults
are more likely withdraw front he political process, especially in terms of financial support, than younger adults

A

Are more likely to have a political party identification, stable since their youth, than younger adults

183
Q

Which advocacy group attacked the American Medical Association for failing to pay attention to older people’s health?

Townsend movement
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
National Council of Senior Citizens (NCSC)
Gray Panthers

A

Gray Panthers

184
Q

What type of housing alternative may be most affordable for older adults with incomes near the poverty level?

congregate housing
HUD units
single room occupancy hotel
retirement community

A

HUD units

185
Q

Since the 1980s, which statement best characterizes the federal government’s view on issues related to aging in the US?

private sector approaches to service delivery should replace public sector approaches
the federal government should have a larger role in providing services and benefits than state governments
services and benefits for older adults should be expanded to other segments of the population
Social Security should be repealed, but Medicare should be retained

A

Private sector approaches to service delivery should replace public sector approaches

186
Q

A study of the 1980 election found that the cohort born in 1900-1909 voted substantially more Republican than the cohort born in 1930-1939. What is the most likely factor accounting for this finding?

the average age of the two cohorts
the proportion of surviving women in the cohorts
the relative number of people in each of the two cohorts
the different childhood experiences of the two cohorts

A

The different childhood experiences of the two cohorts

187
Q

How does the Older Americans Act differ from the Social Security and Medicare programs? The Older Americans Act

focuses on income replacement
is a federally funded local program
provides nationwide uniform services
provides services based on age and need rather than on employment-based eligibility

A

Is a federally funded local program

188
Q

What distinguished the 1981 White House Conference on Aging from its predecessors?

President Reagan’s administration was less receptive to its recommendations than previous administrations
unlike previous conferences, this conference advocated for indexing of benefits for older adults
conference delegates recommended that the Social Security program be disbanded
conference delegates recommended turning over the management of health insurance to the states

A

President Reagan’s administration was less receptive to its recommendations than previous administrations

189
Q

Which is considered the major threat to the political legitimacy of programs and policies for older adults?

an increase in the number of advocacy groups such as AARP
a decrease in evidence of age discrimination in the workplace
limited resources and pressure to contain costs
a lack of support among the younger population for programs benefiting older adults

A

Limited resources and pressure to contain costs

190
Q

Which statement most accurately describes the original intent of the Social Security system of the US? Social Security

was designed as an insurance model to assist workers to retire
would provide a guaranteed annual income
was intended to be the only means of support for the older person
would pay benefits to a recipient equal to the money paid in by the recipient

A

Was designed as an insurance model to assist workers to retire

191
Q

Which statement best describes the political attributes of older adults?

they have a great steak int hes status quo because they helped create it
they tend to be disinterested in politics
they have political attitudes that reflect their vested interests
they reflect their party affiliation in their political attributes

A

They have political attitudes that reflect their vested interests

192
Q

What are the projections for the future status of housing for older people?

housing shortages will decrease
homelessness of older people will decrease
housing problems of older people will increase
federal support will increase for construction of subsidized housing

A

Housing problems of older people will increase

193
Q

Which benefit is covered by Medicare?

dental care
hearing aids
diagnostic tests
psychiatric care

A

Diagnostic tests

194
Q

Which federal entity provides the most coverage of long-term care for older adults?

Medicaid
Medicare
Older Americans Act
Supplemental Security Income

A

Medicaid

195
Q

Which statement best describes Kubler-Ross’s proposed first stage of adjustment to impending death? The person who is dying

refuses to believe that death will occur
feels anger and resentment toward impending death
attempts to postpone the inevitable
works toward setting their affairs in order

A

Refuses to believe that death will occur

196
Q

Under what conditions do widows and widowers adjust more positively to the death of a spouse?

a funeral is held as soon as possible
a ceremonial wake is arranged
family and friends are helpful and active at the time
the clergy takes responsibility for all funeral-related decisions

A

Family and friends are helpful and active at the time

197
Q

Which is a conclusion about fear of dying and death that is supported by the literature?

individuals who are affirmed atheists showed little fear of death
older people expressed more fear of death than younger people
both persons with high sense of purpose in life and those with low sense of purpose have equal fear of death
persons with terminal illnesses express a higher fear of death than those who are aging normally

A

Individuals who are affirmed atheists showed little fear of death

198
Q

Which is an example of passive euthanasia? A physician

allows a person to take a lethal dose of pain medication
assists a person who wishes to commit suicide
allows a person to diet by not using all available interventions
assists another physician who is disconnecting a person’s medical support system

A

Allows a person to diet by not using all available interventions

199
Q

What term refers to the stage of grief characterized by the ability to remember and talk about the deceased in favorable terms without emotion distress?

anticipation
closure
detachment
reorganization

A

Reorganization

Gerontology (1 decks)

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