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Geography - Core > Populations in transition > Flashcards

Populations in transition Flashcards

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0
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The largest population that the resources of a given environment can support.

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1
Q

Diffusion

A

The spread of phenomenon over time and space.

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2
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of human populations.

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3
Q

Population momentum

A

The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has been achieved, because of relatively high concentration of people in the child-bearing years. This situation is due to past high fertility rates which results in a large number of young people.

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4
Q

Demographic transition

A

The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population.

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5
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of births per 1000 population in a given year. It is only a very broad indicator as it does not take into account the age and gender distribution of the population.

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6
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year. Only a broad indicator as it is heavily influenced by the age structure of the population.

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7
Q

Rate of natural change

A

The difference between the birth and death rate.

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8
Q

Census

A

An official periodic count of a population including such information as age, gender, occupation and ethnic origin.

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9
Q

Natural decrease

A

When number of births is lower than deaths.

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10
Q

Immigration

A

Migration of people into a country from one or more countries.

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11
Q

Emigration

A

Migration of people from a country to one or more countries.

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12
Q

Net migration

A

The difference between immigration and emigration for a particular country.

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13
Q

Fertility rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years in a given year.

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14
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to pass through her child-bearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.

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15
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The level at which each generation has just enough children to replace themselves in a population. Although the level varies for different populations, a total fertility rate of 2.12 children is usually considered as replacement level.

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16
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year.

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17
Q

Child mortality rate

A

The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births in a given year.

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18
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person may expect to live when born, assuming past trends continue.

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19
Q

Population structure

A

Composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex.

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20
Q

Population pyramid

A

Bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and gender.

21
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

22
Q

Popular projection

A

The prediction of future populations based on the present age-gender structure and with present rates of fertility, mortality and migration.

23
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 years to those 15-64 years of age.

24
Q

Youth dependency ratio

A

Ratio of the number of people 0-14 to those 15-64 years of age.

25
Q

Elderly dependency ratio

A

Ratio of the number of people aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64.

26
Q

Ageing ratio

A

Proportion of people 65 and over years old to the total population.

27
Q

Median age

A

Age at which half the population is younger and half is older.

28
Q

Ageing population

A

Rise in median age of a population which occurs when fertility declines while life expectancy remains constant or increases.

29
Q

Population policy

A

When a government has a stated aim on an aspect of its population and it undertakes measures to achieve that aim.

30
Q

Pro-natalist policy

A

Population policy that aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives(zachęty).

31
Q

Anti-natalist policy

A

Population policy designed to limit fertility through the use, both, of incentives and deterrents(środki odstraszające, represje).

32
Q

Migration

A

Movement of people across a specified boundary, inter- or national, to establish a new permanent place of residence(lasting more than 1 year).

33
Q

Voluntary migration

A

When an individual or household has a free choice about whether to move or not.

34
Q

Forced migration

A

Occurs when the individual/household has little or no choice but to move.

35
Q

Push factors

A

Negative conditions at the point of origin which encourage/force people to move.

36
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive conditions at the point of destination which encourage people to move.

37
Q

Internal migration

A

Migration within the same country.

38
Q

Formal sector

A

Jobs in the formal sector are known to the government department that is responsible for taxation, and to other government offices. Such jobs generally provide better pay and much greater security.

39
Q

Informal sector

A

The part of economy operating outside of official recognition. Employment is generally low-paid, often temporary and/or part-time.

40
Q

Refugee

A

Person who has been forced to leave home and country, because of ‘a well-founded fear of persecution’ on account of race, religion, social group or political opinion.

41
Q

Internally displaced people

A

People who are forced to leave their home, but they remain in the same country.

42
Q

Remittances

A

Money sent back by migrants to their family in the home community.

43
Q

Diaspora

A

Dispersal of people from their original homeland.

44
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Where an increase in the money supply in a region, sets off an upward spiral of development as this money circulates in the economy.

45
Q

Gender

A

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

46
Q

Society norms

A

Rules for how people should act in a given group/society. Often different for men and women. Any behaviour outside these norms is considered abnormal.

47
Q

Culture

A

Total of inherited ideas, beliefs, values and knowledge that constitutes(stanowi) the shared basis of social action.

48
Q

Status(with regard to gender)

A

Relatives position/standing of men and women in a society.

49
Q

Unemployment gender ratio

A

Female unemployment rate as a percentage of the male unemployment rate.

50
Q

Pro-poor growth

A

To increase incomes of the poorest people at rates above the national average.

Geography - Core (4 decks)

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