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Winter Semester 17/18 > Political Science Part2 > Flashcards

Political Science Part2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the shadow of the state fall on?

fall on : To experience ; to suffer ; to fall upon

A

It falls on almost every human activity.

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2
Q

What is ultimately subject to the authority of the state?

A

(Even) Those aspects of life usually thought of as personal or private (marriage, divorce, abortion, religious worship and so on)

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3
Q

What do ideological debate and party politics tend to revolve around certainly?

Ideological : of or pertaining to or characteristic of an orientation (順応) that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation

(pertain : be relevant to; be a part or attribute of)

concerned with or suggestive of ideas;

revolve : turn on or around an axis or a center

(axis : a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions)

A

It tends to revolve around

the issue of the proper function or role of the state.

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4
Q

What has thus become one of the central concerns of political analysis?

A

The nature of state power

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5
Q

What is the state’s concept?

A

It is a political association that establishes sovereign jurisdiction within defined territorial borders, and exercises authority through a set of permanent institutions.

jurisdiction : 【law】the right and power to interpret and apply the law; in law; the territory within which power can be exercised

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6
Q

Why permanent institutions are responsible for the collective organization of communal life?

communal : for or by a group rather than individuals; relating to a small administrative district or community;

(district : a region marked off for administrative or other purposes)

A

It’s because these institutions are those that are recognizably ‘public’.

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7
Q

Where are permanent institutions funded?

A

It is at the public’s expense.

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8
Q

Why the state can be identified with the entire ‘body politic’?

A

It’s because it embraces the various institutions of government, but it also extends to the courts, nationalized industries, social security system, and so forth.

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9
Q

How the term ‘state’ has been used?

A

It has been used to refer to a bewildering range of things.

bewildering : cause to be confused emotionally

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10
Q

What is a bewildering range of things (for referring ‘state’)?

A

They are a collection of institutions, a territorial unit, a philosophical idea, an instrument of coer- cion or oppression, and so on.

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11
Q

What is in four quite different ways of the fact that the state has been understood?

A

They are an idealist perspective, a functionalist perspective, an organizational perspective and an international perspective

Idealist : someone guided more by ideals than by practical considerations

Functionalist : an adherent of functionalism

(adherent : someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another)

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12
Q

What is the feature of writing of G. W. F. Hegel?

A

It is the most clearly reflected the idealist approach to the state.

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13
Q

What are three ‘moments’ of social existence which Hegel identified?

A

the family, civil society and the state.

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14
Q

What is within the family, Hegel argues?

A

It is a ‘particular altruism’ operates that encourages people to set aside their own interests for the good of their children or elderly relatives.

aside : out of the way

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15
Q

What is civil society?

A

It is seen as a sphere of ‘universal egoism’ in which individuals place their own interests before those of others.

egoism : 【ethics】the theory that the pursuit of your own welfare in the basis of morality
concern for your own interests and welfare

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16
Q

What is the state which Hegel conceived?

A

It is as an ethical community underpinned by mutual sympathy – ‘universal altruism’.

underpin : support from beneath,
support with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm;

(beneath : in or to a place that is lower)

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17
Q

What is the drawback of idealism?

drawback : the quality of being a hindrance;

(hindrance : something immaterial(実体のない) that interferes(妨げる) with or delays action or progress

any obstruction(障害) that impedes(prevent) or is burdensome (not easily born))

A

It fosters an uncritical reverence for the state and, by defining the state in ethical terms, fails to distinguish clearly between institutions that are part of the state and those that are outside the state.

reverence : a feeling of profound respect for someone or something; a reverent mental attitude

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18
Q

What is the Functionalist approaches to the state?

A

It is focus on the role or purpose of state institutions.

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19
Q

What is the central function of the state?

A

It is invariably seen as the maintenance of social order (see p. 400).

invariably : without variation or change, in every case;

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20
Q

Normative

A

The prescription of values and standards of conduct; what ‘should be’ rather than what ‘is’.

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21
Q

Empirical

A

Based on observation and experiment; empirical knowledge is taken from sense data and experience.

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22
Q

What is difference between normative and empirical

A

the difference between these two approaches is that empirical approach is ‘descriptive” seeking to analyse and explain, whereas the normative approach is ‘prescriptive’, making judgements and offering recommendations.

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23
Q

Definitions of politics

A
  • Power is the ability of a person, group, or nation to get what it wants.
  • In the case of governments, they can use soft power (e.g. persuasion), or hard power (e.g. military force).
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24
Q

Definitions of power

A
  • Power is the ability of a person, group, or nation to get what it wants.
  • In the case of governments, they can use soft power (e.g. persuasion), or hard power (e.g. military force).
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25
Q

Political power

A

control of, or influence on, the state, ability to make, or influence, political decisions

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26
Q

Economic power

A

control of economic resources

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27
Q

Military power

A

ability to conduct war

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28
Q

Principle forms of power (5)

A

Force; persuasion; authority; coercion; manipulation

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29
Q

Principle form of power; force

A

ability to harm people and damage or confiscate their property to make them obey your orders

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30
Q

Principle form of power; persuasion

A

ability to convince people to do what they otherwise would not have done by invoking their own interests and common sense;

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31
Q

Principle form of power; authority

A

legitimate (just and lawful) power to control and direct people’s activities;

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32
Q

Principle form of power; coercion

A

controlling people by means of threatening use of force;

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33
Q

Principle of power; manipulation

Manipulation: control

A

controlling people without threats, by persuading them about the legitimacy of the existing power relationships, or by offering them benefits.

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34
Q

Another definition of authority

A

Legitimate power

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35
Q

What is legitimate power

A

the ability to influence the behaviour of others, authority is the right to do so.

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36
Q

What authority based on?

A

recognized duty to obey.

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37
Q

Weber described three kinds of authority

What are they

A

Traditional; charismatic; legal

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38
Q

Three key of authority; traditional

A

authority is rooted in history;

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39
Q

Three key of authority; charismatic

A

authority stems from personality;

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40
Q

Three keys of authority; legal

A

rational authority is grounded in a set of impersonal rules

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41
Q

Legitimacy in Latin

A

from the Latin legitimare, meaning ‘to declare lawful’

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42
Q

Legitimacy broadly

A

Rightfulness

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43
Q

What legitimacy confers on?

A

an order or command an authoritative or binding character, thus transforming power into authority.

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44
Q

How political philosophers treat legitimacy

A

as a moral or rational principle; that is, as the grounds on which governments may demand obedience from citizens.

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45
Q

What is the claim to legitimacy

A

thus more important than the fact of obedience

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46
Q

How political scientists treat legitimacy

A

in sociological terms; that is, as a willingness to comply with a system of rule regardless of how this is achieved.

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47
Q

What states may enjoy?

A

a monopoly of coercive power, they seldom remain in existence through the exercise of force alone.

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48
Q

Explain why legitimacy is this the key to political stability

A

it is nothing less than the source of a regime’s survival and success

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49
Q

What is democratic legitimacy

A

sometimes viewed as the only meaningful form of legitimacy.

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50
Q

What provided by Max Weber (see p. 82)

A

The classic contribution to the understanding of legitimacy as a sociological phenomenon

51
Q

What Weber concerned

A

to categorize particular ‘systems of domination’, and to identify in each case the basis on which legitimacy was established.

52
Q

What is Weber’s three ideal types amount to three kinds of authority

A
  • traditional authority
  • charismatic authority
  • legal-rational authority
53
Q

What each of authorities of idea of Weber is characterized by

A

a particular source of political legitimacy and, thus, different reasons that people may have for obeying a regime.

54
Q

What is Weber’s first type of political legitimacy; traditional legitimacy

A

is based on long-established customs and traditions. Traditional authority is closely linked to hereditary systems of power and privilege, as reflected, for example, in the survival of dynastic rule in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Morocco.

hereditary; inherited
dynastic: a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

55
Q

What is Weber’s second form of legitimate domination and what is the feature?

A

charismatic authority.

based on the power of an individual’s personality; that is, on his or her ‘charisma’. The examples are the regimes of Napoleon, Mussolini and Hitler.

56
Q

Weber’s third type of political legitimacy, legal-rational authority

A

links authority to a clearly and legally defined set of rules. The power of a president, prime minister or government official is determined in the final analysis by formal, constitutional rules, which constrain or limit what an office holder is able to do.

57
Q

What is assert of Beetham

A

power can only be said to be legitimate if three conditions are fulfilled.

58
Q

What are three conditions asserted by Beetham?

A

First, power must be exercised according to established rules.

Second, these rules must be justified in terms of the shared beliefs of the government and the governed.

Third, legitimacy must be demonstrated by an expression of consent on the part of the governed.

59
Q

Government

A

is any mechanism through which ordered rule is maintained, its central feature being its ability to make collective decisions and enforce them.

60
Q

political system, regime

A

includes not only the mechanisms of government and institutions of the state, but also the structures and processes through which these interact with the larger society.

61
Q

Regimes

A

The Rules that a state sets and follows in conducting its power.

62
Q

Regime types

A

have become both more complex and more diverse. Large differences can be identified among western systems, new democracies, East Asian regimes, Islamic regimes and military regimes.

63
Q

Democratic regimes

A

The type of government with which we are most familiar is democracy, or a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.”

64
Q

Authoritarian regimes

A

A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities.
Hence, there are few personal and group freedoms.
Also characterized by near absolute power in the executive branch and few, if any, legislative and judicial controls.

65
Q

Totalitarian regimes

A

A political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic, and political control.
Totalitarian states are said to rely largely on terror as a means to exercise power.
Term has been applied to both communist party-states including Stalinist Russia and Maoist China and fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany.

66
Q

Classification devised by Aristotle in the fourth century BCE

Devise: invent

A

The most influential system

based on his analysis of the 158 Greek city-states then in existence.

67
Q

What Aristotle held?

A

governments could be categorized on the basis of two questions: ‘Who rules?’, and ‘Who benefits from rule?’

68
Q

What Aristotle believed about government?

A

could be placed in the hands of a single individual, a small group, or the many.

69
Q

What government could do opposed Aristotle’s believe

A

government could be conducted either in the selfish interests of the rulers, or for the benefit of the entire community

70
Q

What is Aristotle’s view of tyranny, oligarchy and democracy?

Oligarchy: a political system governed by a few people;

A

oligarchy and democracy were all debased or perverted forms of rule in which a single person, a small group and the masses, respectively, governed in their own interests and, therefore, at the expense of others.

pervert, debase: corrupt morally

71
Q

What is Aristotle’s view of monarchy, aristocracy and polity

monarchy: an autocracy (similar as dictatorship) governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority
aristocracy: a form of government in which power is held by the nobility.

A

monarchy, aristocracy and polity were to be preferred, because in these forms of government the individual, small group and the masses, respectively governed in the interests of all

72
Q

What Aristotle declared

A

tyranny to be the worst of all possible constitutions, as it reduced citizens to the status of slaves

Monarchy and aristocracy were, on the other hand, impractical, because they were based on a God-like willingness to place the good of the community before the rulers’ own interests.

73
Q

Democracy

A

Most conceptions of democracy are based on the principle of ‘government by the people’. This implies that, in effect, people govern themselves - that they participate in making the crucial decisions that structure their lives and determine the fate of their society.

74
Q

The participation of direct democracy

A

popular participation entails direct and continuous involvement in decision-making, through devices such as referendums (see p. 201), mass meetings, or even interactive television.

Entail: impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result;

Referendum: a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

75
Q

The alternative and more common form of democratic participation

A

the act of voting, which is the central feature of what is usually called ‘representative democracy’. When citizens vote, they do not so much make the decisions that structure their own lives as choose who will make those decisions on their behalf. What gives voting its democratic character, however, is that, provided that the election is competitive, it empowers the public to ‘kick the rascals out’, and it thus makes politicians publicly accountable

behalf: as a representative of.

76
Q

Direct democracy

A

Direct democracy is based on the direct, unmediated and continuous participation of citizens in the tasks of government. Direct democracy thus obliterates the distinction between government and the governed, and between the state and civil society; it is a system of popular self-government. It was achieved in ancient Athens through a form of government by mass meeting; its most common modern manifestation is the use of the referendum (see p. 201).

unmediated: having no intervening persons, agents, conditions;
obliterate: mark for deletion, rub off, or erase;
referendum: voting from citizens

77
Q

The merits of direct democracy

A
  • It creates a better-informed and more politically sophisticated citizenry, and thus it has educational benefits.
  • It enables the public to express their own views and interests without having to rely on self-serving politicians.
  • It ensures that rule is legitimate, in the sense that people are more likely to accept decisions that they have made themselves.
78
Q

Representative democracy

A

Representative democracy is a limited and indirect form of democracy. It is limited in that popular participation in government is infrequent and brief, being restricted to the act of voting every few years. It is indirect in that the public do not exercise power themselves; they merely select those who will rule on their behalf.

restrict: controlled

79
Q

The strengths of representative democracy

A
  • It offers a practicable form of democracy (direct popular participation is achievable only in small communities).
  • It relieves ordinary citizens of the burden of decision-making, thus making possible a division of labour in politics.
  • It allows government to be placed in the hands of those with better education, expert knowledge and greater experience.
  • It maintains stability by distancing ordinary citizens from politics, thereby encouraging them to accept compromise.

relieve: free from a burden, evil, or distress
distance: keep at a distance

80
Q

Four contrasting models of democracy

A
  • classical democracy
  • protective democracy
  • developmental democracy
  • people’s democracy.
81
Q

classical democracy

A

The classical model of democracy is based on the polis, or city-state, of Ancient Greece, and particularly on the system of rule that developed in the largest and most powerful Greek city-state, Athens. The form of direct democracy that operated in Athens during the fourth and fifth centuries BC is often portrayed as the only pure or ideal system of popular participation. What made Athenian democracy so remarkable was the level of political activity of its citizens. Not only did they participate in regular meetings of the Assembly, but they were also, in large numbers, prepared to shoulder the responsibility of public office and decision-making. The principal drawback of Athenian democracy was that it could operate only by excluding the mass of the population from political activity. Participation was restricted to Athenian-born males who were over 20 years of age. Slaves (the majority of the population), women and foreigners had no political rights.

82
Q

Protective democracy

A

When democratic ideas were revived in the 17th
and 18th centuries, they appeared in a form that was very different from the classical democracy of Ancient Greece. In particular, democracy was seen less as a mechanism through which the public could participate in political life, and more as a device through which citizens could protect themselves from the encroachments of government, hence ‘protective democracy’. This view appealed particularly to early liberal thinkers whose concern was, above all, to create the widest realm of individual liberty. The desire to protect the individual from over-mighty government was expressed in perhaps the earliest of all democratic sentiments, Aristotle’s response to Plato: ‘who will guard the Guardians?’.
This same concern with unchecked power was taken up in the seventeenth century by John Locke (see p. 31), who argued that the right to vote was based on the existence of natural rights and, in particular, on the right to property. If government, through taxation, possessed the power to expropriate property, citizens were entitled to protect themselves by controlling the composition of the tax-setting body: the legislature. In other words, democracy came to mean a system of ‘government by consent’ operating through a representative assembly.
Protective democracy is but a limited and indirect form of democracy. In practice, the consent of the governed is exercised through voting in regular and competitive elections. This thereby ensures the accountability of those who govern. If the right to vote is a means of defending individual liberty, liberty must also be guaranteed by a strictly enforced separation of powers via the creation of a separate executive, legislature and judiciary, and by the maintenance of basic rights and freedoms, such as freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. Protective democracy aims to give citizens the widest possible scope to live their lives as they choose.

83
Q

The concept of the state - the key features:

A
  1. Sovereignty
  2. Public institutions
  3. Legitimation
  4. Domination
  5. A territorial association
84
Q

State: sovereignty

A
  1. The state is sovereign. It has absolute and unlimited power, in the sense that it is above all other social structures.
85
Q

State: state institutions

A
  1. State institutions are “public” as opposed to “private” institutions of civil society. Public bodies are responsible for the adoption and implementation of collective decisions. Private structures (like family, private enterprises) and trade unions serve private interests.
86
Q

State: legitimation

A
  1. The state is a tool of legitimization. Decisions of the state by members of the society are accepted as binding for execution, because they are adopted in the interests of society and for the common good. It is assumed that the state expresses the constant interests of society.
87
Q

State: domination

A
  1. The state is an instrument of domination. State power and state authority are supported by coercion.
88
Q

State: a territorial association

A
  1. The state is a territorial association.
89
Q

concept of geopolitics;

An approach to policy analysis using geographical factors such as:

A 
◦	Location
◦	Climate
◦	Natural resources
◦	Physical terrain
◦	Population 
90
Q

What Almond & Verba identified?

„A democratic form of political system requires as well a political culture consistent with it”

A

the political culture that most effectively supports democratic politics. They identified three general types of political culture

91
Q

Almond and Verba identified three general types of political culture:

A

A participant political culture

A subject political culture

A parochial political culture

Parochial : narrowly restricted in outlook or scope;

92
Q

A participant political culture.

A

Citizens pay close attention to politics, and consider popular participation as both desirable and effective.

93
Q

A subject political culture.

A

Citizens are more passive. They think they have a very limited capacity to influence government.

passive: peacefully resistant in response to injustice;

94
Q

A parochial political culture.

A

The absence of a sense of citizenship. People do not desire and are not able to participate in politics.

95
Q

Sources/determinants of political culture

A
  • History and tradition
  • The concept of political socialization
  • Parents (home)
  • School
  • Work and local communities
  • Mass media
  • Political institutions
  • Religious communities
96
Q

All human actions

A

All human actions are oriented toward the future. The future is uncertain and risky.

97
Q

What we can never be completely sure

A

how the partners in our social relationships will react to our actions.

98
Q

Trust

A

Trust is a bet on the future actions of others (Sztompka). What are the factors influencing our decisions to trust?

99
Q

Trustfulness

A

Trustfulness may be considered as something more than an individual attitude. It can be typical orientation, shared by a number of individuals.

100
Q

The Cultures of Trust and Distrust

A

When trustfulness as a cultural orientation is pervasive in a society, Sztompka proposes to speak of the culture of trust. This concept describes a condition when people are culturally encouraged to express a trustful orientation toward their society, its regime, organizations and institutions, fellow citizens.
The culture of trust takes various forms, depending on the strength of positive expectations. People may trust that the government will stimulate economic growth, or suppress crime. They may also expect that the government will provide justice, fairness, equality of opportunities. People may trust the government to represent their interests, to provide help, medical services, jobs, social security, welfare provisions, etc. The stronger the expectation, the more risky the bet of trust and the higher the chance of disappointment.
First of all, the culture of trust liberates and mobilizes human agency, releasing creative, innovative activism.
Second, the culture of trust encourages sociability, participation with others in various forms of associations.
Third, the culture of trust encourages tolerance, recognition of cultural or political differences.
Fourth, the culture of trust strengthens the connection of an individual with the community (the family, the nation, the church, etc.), contributes to the feelings of identity.

Pervasive: spread

Suppress: to put down by force or authority;

101
Q
  1. The Social Contexts and Genealogies of Trust and Distrust
A

The normative model of democracy Sztompka proposes includes seven contextual conditions to produce the culture of trust or distrust.

1) Normative certainty and its opposite - normative chaos;
2) Transparency of social organization, and its opposite – secrecy;
3) Stability of the social order, and its opposite – transience;
4) Accountability of power, and its opposite – irresponsibility;
5) Enactment of rights and obligations, and its opposite helplessness;
6) Enforcement of duties and responsibilities, and its opposite — permissiveness.

7) The seventh condition is of a different order from the other six. It relates to the style of operation of governmental or administrative institutions, the style of policy

102
Q
  1. The First Paradox of Democracy: Institutionalizing Distrust for the Sake of Trust
A

The culture of trust is more likely to appear in democracy than in any other type of political system.
The most important is the principle of legitimacy. The authority comes from the will of people, through elections. When the elected representatives realize the interests of the people, that the government is recognized as legitimate.
Another is the principles:
- periodic elections and terms of office;
- division of powers, checks and balances;
- rule of law and independent courts;
- constitutionalism and judicial review;
- due process;
- civic rights;
- law enforcement;
- open communication.
These constitutive principles of democracy relate to the structural, contextual conditions for the culture of trust. They help to establish normative certainty, transparency of social organization, stability of the social order, accountability of power, personal dignity, integrity and autonomy of the people.

103
Q
  1. The Second Paradox of Democracy: Applying the Checks and Controls Sparingly
A

When people live in a democracy, they develop a kind of trust as the ultimate insurance of other kinds of trust they may venture. Once this metatrust is breached, and the insurance defaults, they feel cheated. The result is that the culture of trust is shattered.

104
Q

STRATEGIES OF LARGER SOCIETY

Issue 1: maintenance of heritage, culture and identity

A 
Questions:
(on behalf of the minority group / an immigrant)
Do I want to keep my cultural heritage?
Do I care about my culture?
Do I want to keep my language?
Do I want to keep my traditions?
105
Q

Issue 2: relationships sought among groups

A

Questions:
(on behalf of the minority group / an immigrant)
Do I want to follow the rules of new environment?
Do I want to interact/ meet/ work with people from other groups?

106
Q

Issue 1: maintenance of heritage, culture and identity

A

Questions:
(on behalf of the majority group/the state)
Do I want to maintain cultural differences? Do I like/ accept cultural pluralism?
Do I allow different languages/faiths/traditions to flourish?

107
Q

Issue 2: relationships sought among groups

A

Questions:
(on behalf of the majority group/the state)
Do I want different groups to interact as equals?
Do I want to cooperate with minority groups?

108
Q

Strategies of larger society : Exclusion

A

-marginalization imposed by the dominant group

Eg. Ethnic cleansing

109
Q

integration EU policy

A
  • the right to all the people on the preservation of original culture; - the right to fully participate in the life of the host (dominant) society; - obligation for all groups (as of dominant as well) to participate in the process of mutual changes.
110
Q

Strategies of larger society : Segregation

A

-separation forced by the dominant group

111
Q

Strategies of larger society ; Melting pot

Multiculturalism

A

Multiculturalism –
Multiculturalism is a body of thought in political philosophy about the proper way to respond to cultural and religious diversity.
Multiculturalism is closely associated with “identity politics,” “the politics of difference,” and “the politics of recognition.” Multiculturalism is also a matter of economic interests and political power; it demands remedies to economic and political disadvantages that people suffer as a result of their minority status.
Multiculturalists take for granted that it is “culture” and “cultural groups” that are to be recognized and accommodated. Yet multicultural claims include a wide range of claims involving religion, language, ethnicity, nationality, and race. Language and religion are at the heart of many claims for cultural accommodation by immigrants. The key claim made by minority nations is for self-government rights.

112
Q

Strategies of ethnocultural groups: marginalization
Strategies of ethnocultural groups
marginalization : treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.

Insignificant: unimportant or too small to be worth consideration

peripheral: related to the key issue but not of central importance;

A

„when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination)” [Berry 2011: 2.6]

113
Q

Strategies of ethnocultural groups ; Separation

A

„when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others” [Berry 2011: 2.6]

114
Q

Strategies of ethnocultural groups: assimilation

assimilation: the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

A

„when individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other cultures” [Berry 2011: 2.6]

115
Q

Strategies of ethnocultural groups; integration

A

„when there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups” [Berry 2011: 2.6]

116
Q

Science

A

„a field of study that aims to develop reliable explanations of phenomena through repeatable experiments, observation and deduction” (Heywood, 2013, p.12)

117
Q

Scientific method

A

bywhichhypothesesareverified(…)bytesting them against the available evidence, is therefore seen as a means of disclosing value-free and objective truth”(Heywood, 2013, p.12)

118
Q

Types of political research [Shively’s typology]

A

Applied (=A)
Basic (Recreation) (=B)
Non-empirical (=N)
Empirical (=Y)

AN:Normative philosophy
AY:engineering research
BN: Formal theory
BY: Theory-oriented research

119
Q

Ethics of political research (by shivery)

A

1 “Effect on society of what we discover” p11

2 “Our treatment of the people we are studying “ p12

120
Q

Effect on society of what we discover

A

Inspiring immoral political practices
■ Reinforcing preexisting stereotypes

Reinforce: strengthen or support

121
Q

Our treatment of the people we are studying

A

a) Harm to subjects [including embarassment and/or psychological stress, and/or imposition]
b) Issues of confidentiality c) Misleading the subjects

122
Q

Quantities research strategies by Wellington, Szczerbinski

A

View of the world: Reality independent from observer

Aim: Explaining and predicting social phenomena

Emphasis: Nomothetic (focusing on formulating general laws)

Nature of the idea: Numerical

Data analysis: Hypothesis-driven, statistical techniques applied

formulate: create or prepare methodically

123
Q

Qualitative research strategies by Wellington, Szczerbincki

A

View of the world: reality subjective, socially constructed

Aim: understanding social phenomena

Emphasis: ideographic (focusing on describing individual cases)

Nature of the data: Non-numerical

Data analysis: inductive, interpretative

Ideographic: of or relating to or consisting of ideograms

inductive: of reasoning; proceeding from particular facts to a general conclusion;

Interpretative: relating to or providing an interpretation

Winter Semester 17/18 (4 decks)

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