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U.S Politics (OB) > Political Parties and Pressure Groups > Flashcards

Political Parties and Pressure Groups Flashcards

1
Q

quote to show party similarities

A

1997 Mark Shields

‘as of today, country has two republican parties, seperated by the issue of abortion’

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2
Q

some factors which have led to the strengthening of national party structures

A

new campaign finance laws=money went national
tv can reach anyone
sophisticated opinion polls- can see what people think

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3
Q

national committee

A

DNC+RNC offices in washington
2016 Trump nominated Ronna Romney McDaniel
2017 DNC former secretary of lab Tom Perez

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4
Q

what do the NC do

A

raise money, hire staff, organise NPC

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5
Q

what did Lord Bryce say about the two parties

A

‘like two bottles with different labels, both empty’

no substance

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6
Q

polling to show what people thought about hte differences between parties

A

‘72 44% no important difference between 46% yes

2012 51% yes

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7
Q

polling when asked do you think 1 party is more conservative than the other

A

1984 yes, repub=53%

2012 yes repub=73%

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8
Q

Voting ideology 2016

A

26% liberal
35% cons
10% liberal voted republican 84% dem
81% con voted republican 15% dem

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9
Q

What has happened to party members

A

Hyper partisanship

Less cons+ moderates in dem

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10
Q

Where is democrat party moving

A

Left

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11
Q

2016 ideology of democrat candidates

A

Clinton- moderate

Sanders- the left

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12
Q

How did sanders describe himself

A

Democratic socialist alternative

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13
Q

What do exit pollls show about Liberal Democrat’s

A

53% to 43% pref sanders over Clinton

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14
Q

What do exit pollls show about non Liberal Democrat’s

A

Clinton by 61%-36%

Both show only a marginal difference so wasn’t based on ideology

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15
Q

Christian Right

A

Christian groups closely linked to evangelicals
Want social changes favouring ‘family values’
E.g prolife, prayer in public schools

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16
Q

Tea party movement

A

Fight for reduction or national debt + federal budget deficit
Lower federal taxes

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17
Q

What was George Bush’s ‘compassionate conservatism’

A

Traditional conservative beliefs used in order to improve lives for those who felt abandoned by gov+ society

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18
Q

Evidence to show women’s support for democrats

A

9/10 between 1964-2000

Women significantly more supportive of democrat candidate than men

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19
Q

2016 gender gap for trump

A

11 points
52% men
41% women

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20
Q

Gender gap for Clinton

A

13 points
54% women
41% men

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21
Q

Trumps support among non married women

A

32%

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22
Q

Why is there a gender gap

A

Policy difference

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23
Q

Support for democrats of African Americans between 1980-2016

A

Never Less than 83%

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24
Q

Black people voting democratic- rise 2004-2008

A

88% to 95%

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25
Q

Black turnout

A

Made up 13% in 2012

Clinton- black support went back to 89%

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26
Q

Growth of Hispanic group

A

2000 12%
2010 16%+
Younger gen vote importance of their vote isn’t shown yet

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27
Q

Who Attracted Hispanic vote

A

Bush 2000
Could spk fluent Spanish
Brother married to Hispanic woman

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28
Q

Republican votes amongst Hispanics

A

20% 1996 to 31% 2000
2016 down to 28%
Trump= ‘They bring drugs’ ‘rapists’

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29
Q

Hispanics vote for trump

A

Over 1/4

Hispanic republican vote up 1% up on 2012

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30
Q

Reagan democrats

A

White working class
Blue collar jobs
Traditional democrat, but vote republican for Reagan
North east and midwest

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31
Q

Who did trumps campaign speak directly most to

A

Reagan democrat
Post industrial workers
Trump won 7/9 rust belt states winning 84 EC

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32
Q

Life expectancy for white males with no diplomas

A

Gone down 3 yrs in 18yrs

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33
Q

% white men 45-62 years olds voting trump

A

62%

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34
Q

% white college non educated men vote for trump

A

71%

Make up one sixth of electorate

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35
Q

Heartland of democrat party

A

Heartland

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36
Q

2012 how many north east states did democrats win

A

All of them

2016 all bar penns

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37
Q

Why is the northeast the heartland for democrats

A

Higher incomes

Better educated

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38
Q

What is the ‘blue wall’

A

Block of states upper mid west+ industrial north east

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39
Q

Which states did trump get when he broke the ‘blue wall’

A

Iowa
Wisconsin
Michigan
Pennsylvania

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40
Q

Why has the south gone from solid democrat to republican

A

Democrat straying away from religious values e.g pro life anti gay

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41
Q

Example to show strength of republican support in the south

A

Al gore lost his local state tennesee

Wouldn’t won if he’d got it

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42
Q

Why did Clinton win Virginia

A

Running mate Tim Caine from there

Wouldn’t have won other wise

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43
Q

1992-2016 which states did democrats get every time

A

California
Oregon
Washington

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44
Q

Which areas support democrat

A

Urban

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45
Q

What areas vote republican

A

Small towns

Rural

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46
Q

Example to show growing strength of republican in rural areas 2012

A

Romney won small towns/rural by 2%

Trump 27%

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47
Q

Who was the last president to win a west coast state

A

1988

George H.W Bush

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48
Q

Strength of republican support in Wayne county

A

Romney 12 point victory 2012

Trump 46 points over Clinton (71-25%)

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49
Q

Quote to show the nature of Trumps victory

A

‘Empire strikes backs’
For places that felt ‘left behind in an increasingly diverse america’
Brownstein ( The Atlantic magazine)

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50
Q

Where is the Bible Belt

A

Southern states Texas to central Virginia

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51
Q

What % of votes do Protestants give republicans

A

54-59% of the vote in the last 5 elections

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52
Q

Which issue affects white evangelicals significantly

A

Supreme Court appointments

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53
Q

Where did catholic’s traditionally support

A

Democrat party
Strong link European Catholicism among immigrant communities
1970s support wavered due to democrats support of abortion

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54
Q

In the last 5 elections how many times did democrats win catholic vote

A

3

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55
Q

2016 % of catholic’s who voted democrat

A

45%

Lowest figure in 2 party contest since 1984

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56
Q

What is there a correlation between attendance to church and who you support

A

Attend a service one a week- 56% of these said republican

Those who never attend- republicans only got 31%

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57
Q

When was the end of the break up of the solid south

A

1990s
Repubs
Allowed them to move further right

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58
Q

Red America

A

White, Protestant, wealthy rural or suburban
Conservative
Pro life, cut federal income tax

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59
Q

Blue America

A

Urban, liberal, more wealthy, support Obama care

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60
Q

How many states have voted for the same party candidate between 1992-2016

A

28

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61
Q

How many states have voted for the same party’s candidate for the last 5 years

A

37

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62
Q

Two party system

A

2 major parties regularly win vast majority of votes

Alternative control of executive

63
Q

What % did the two main parties account for between 1992-2016

A

80%

64
Q

How does no. Of seats in congress reflect two party system

A

2016

2 seats in senate not been repub or dem

65
Q

How many presidents since 1853 have been from the main two parties

A

All

42

66
Q

In Jan 2017 how many state governors were from the two parties

A

49/50

67
Q

What are the reasons for the two party systems

A

Electoral system
Broad party ideologies
Primary elections

68
Q

What electoral system does the US have

A

FPTP

Third parties unsuccessful

69
Q

Why does broad party ideologies create a two party system

A

Wide ideological spectrum

No room for other parties to attract support

70
Q

How do primary elections create a two party system in the US

A

Parties have to be responsive to electorate
Minimise need to protest votes
Helps to broaden support

71
Q

Why is it argued US has a 50 party system

A

Each states democrat and republican parties are different

72
Q

Does the US have a two party system YES

A

All pres been dem or repub
Dem and repub combined win 95% vote
2017 allhouse members dem or repub

73
Q

Does the US have a two party system NO

A

Each party in each state is autonomous
Vote join groups or movement (tea party)
US many describe as independent

74
Q

Best known nation third parties

A

Libertarian
Green
2016Jill Stein on ballot 44 states
Lib candidate all states

75
Q

Regional third parties

A

American independent

George Wallace

76
Q

Issue based third party

A

Prohibition

77
Q

Ideological third party

A

Socialist party

78
Q

3 elections where third parties had impact

A

1992,96 +2000

79
Q

Combined third party vote

A

2016=6%

2012= less than 2%

80
Q

How many votes did Nader get in Florida

A

100,000

Al gore won by 537 votes

81
Q

Exit poll Nader data

A

Suggest half of Nader votes would’ve been gore

82
Q

5 house elections between 2009-2016 third party vote

A

Combined it never exceeded 3.6%

83
Q

2010 third party % of votes

A

Green=9.4% South Carolina

Constitution= 5.7% Utah

84
Q

Libertarian party 2016

A

Gary Johnson
3.27% vote
Over 4 million votes

85
Q

Why do third parties face difficulties

A 
Electoral system 
Ballot access laws 
Lack of resources 
Lack of media coverage 
Co-optation
86
Q

Electoral systems (third party difficulties)

A

FPTP, bad for national parties e.g 92 Ross Perot
Buut
George Wallace 1868 regional party45 electoral college (13%)
Won southern states

87
Q

Ballot access laws (third party difficulties)

A

Regulate how 3rd party candidates qualify for name on ballot
E.g Tennessee 25 signatures in petition
Cal- no. Of sig =1% electorate in state

88
Q

Lack of resources (third party difficulties)

A

Don’t want to give money to parties that are gonna lose
Lose bc they don’t have money
Catch 22

89
Q

Lack of media coverage (third party difficulties)

A

2016 only trump+Clinton appeared in 3 debates

Johnson and Stein excluded

90
Q

Co-optation

A

2 main parties take 3rd party ideas
So if successful still won’t get in
E.g democrats+ repubs taking perots public deficit policy
Influencing other parties

91
Q

Three factors which have affected party decline

A

Candidate selection
Communication with voters
Emergence of movements

92
Q

How has candiate selection caused party decline

A

Now selected by ordinary voters
2016 both parties failed to secure their preferred candidate (Clinton)
Repub takeover by trump

93
Q

How has communication with voters caused party decline

A

tv
Social media
Internet

94
Q

How has the emergence of movements caused party decline

A

Tea party+’occupy’ movements
Join a movement rather than oarty
Trump+ Sanders talked about his campaign as a ‘movement’

95
Q

Theories of party renewal (they aren’t in decline)

A

Party decline was exaggerated
Nationalisation of campaigns
Increase partisanship in congress

96
Q

How has the exaggerated theories of party decline caused party renewal

A

Still control whitehouse+congress

97
Q

Example of party death exaggeration

A

Death of repub after watergate

Death of dem after leftward shift in 1960s/70s

98
Q

Nationalisation of campaigns causing party renewal 1994

A

1994 repub ten point policy programme ‘contract with america’
Supported by nearly all repub house candidates
(10 policy issues voted on in the 1st 100 days)

99
Q

Example to show can’t run as an independent

A

Sanders was independent joined dem to run

100
Q

Nationalisation of campaigns causing party renewal 2002

A

Nationalised Midterm repubs
Successful- got seats in both houses 1st time since 1934
Dems 2006 ‘six for 06’ agenda
Retook both houses of Congress

101
Q

How has increased partisanship caused party renewal

A

If party’s weren’t important they’d be no partisanship

102
Q

Have parties increased partisanship?

A

Yes but due to issues becoming more important

103
Q

Why did the Tea Party movement grow

A

2008
Out of dissatisfaction with with Obama’s response to bank collapse
Wanted limit gov, strict follow of constitution, reduce national debt

104
Q

Pressure group

A

Organised interest group in which members hold similar beliefs
Actively pursue ways to influence gov

105
Q

Pluralism

A

Political power not just with electorate/governing elite

Distributed among groups representing different interests

106
Q

Sectional pressure groups

A

Trade groups
Labour unions/agriculture groups
Precessional groups
Intergovernmental groups

107
Q

Causal pressure groups

A

Single interest
Ideological
Policy
Think tanks

108
Q

Elitism

A

Political power with small groups

Power through wealth, status+intellectual

109
Q

How are pressure groups different form parties

A

Not trying to get power

Want to influence those in power

110
Q

Two broad types of pressure groups

A

Sectional

Causal

111
Q

Sectional pressure group

A

Represent own section/group in society

112
Q

Causal pressure groups

A

Particular issue or cause

113
Q

Examples of sectional pressure groups

A

American Business conference
National association of manufacturers
US chamber of commerce
Teamster (lab Union)

114
Q

British and US sectional groups equivalents

A

American Farm Bureau Federation

National Farmers Union

115
Q

Examples of causal groups

A

Mothers against drunk driving
National abortion and reproductive rights action league
American civil liberties union

116
Q

Think tanks

A

Research,reports, conference

117
Q

What are the functions of pressure groups

A 
Representation 
Citizen participation 
Public education 
Agenda building 
Programme monitoring
118
Q

Representation (function of pressure groups)

A

Strongest held views represented
E.g anti-abortion groups
More easy to push view all levels of gov

119
Q

Citizen participation (function of pressure groups)

A

Allows for more frequent participation’s for citizens which they want
Specific areas e.g pro guns

120
Q

Public education (function of pressure groups)

A

Warn people about issues when not addressed

Jeffrey Berry 2007 ‘pressure groups can make people better aware’

121
Q

Agenda building (function of pressure groups)

A

Want to influence agendas of political parties
Attempt to bring groups together e.g manufacturers+distribution of CD’s + DVD’s get gov to pay attention to pirated goods

122
Q

Programme monitoring (function of pressure groups)

A

Hold gov to account to implement policies
McCain-Feingold Act 2002 pressure groups like Nation Rifle Association took cases to court to ask them to monitor affects of legislation

123
Q

How many lobbyist are there for each congress person on average (pressure groups)

A

60

124
Q

Which pressure groups sponsored Brown V Board

A

NAACP

125
Q

Methods used by pressure groups

A

Electioneering and endorsement
Lobbying
Organising grassroots activities

126
Q

Electioneering and endorsement

A

Setting up of PACs+super PACs
Side step legislation
2016 National right to life endorsed Trump
NARAL (pro choice) Clinton

127
Q

Example of pressure groups showing their clear opposition

Persuades voters) (functions of pressure groups

A

League of Conservation Voters ’dirty dozen’ list of 12 members of worst record on environmental conservation

128
Q

Lobbying (function of pressure group)

A

Legislators needs up to date info (too busy)
Rely on lobby firms for one sided info
Lobbyist in DC K street e.g Podesta Group (set up by John Podesta former whit house chief of staff)

129
Q

Voting cues and score cards (functions of pressure groups part of lobbying)

A

Legislator go to group and ask how to vote
E.g liberal dems look to NAACP see if they take right stance
Also post info on how leg vote

130
Q

Organising grassroots group activities (function of pressure groups)

A

Organisation where voters are involved
Do social media ‘blitz’ - usually ignored
Direct protest e.g outside Supreme Court
Suggested most effective type

131
Q

Total federal lobbying revenue 2016

A

$3.1 billion

Probs more doesn’t spending on grassroots lobbying,public relations

132
Q

Environmental protection pressure groups

A

Wilderness society

Wildlife federation

133
Q

Women’s rights pressure groups

A

National organisation for women pushed unsuccessful passage of an equal rights amendment 70s+80s
EMILY’s list ‘early money is like yeast’ support female candidates early in election process

134
Q

Abortion rights groups

A

NARAL 2 million members

135
Q

National rifle association

A

3 million memenere
Teach US how to use guns
Strict interpretation of 2nd amendment
Important role District of Columbia v heller 2008
Spent 30 mill on trumps to get him elected

136
Q

Economic pressure groups

A

Occupy Wall Street movement
Slogan ‘we are the 99%’
Not as signifier as tea party
Got sympathy from some democrats and Obama

137
Q

Arguments for pressure groups

A

Give info to legislators
Order policy debate channel wishes of client
Opportunity for participation not just in elections + representation
Represent minorities within the two broad parties
Check on Congress
Enhance right of freedom of speech

138
Q

Arguments against pressure groups (revolving door)

A

hire lobbyist who former members of Congress
Federal law formal officials can’t be lobbyist within a year of leaving
Favour some pressure group when in Congress so can work their if voted out

139
Q

Argument against pressure groups (iron triangle)

A

Relationship between pressure group, congressional committees and relevant gov department
Veterans= Vietnam veterans America, veteran affairs committee in the house + department of veterans affair
Make them powerful
Become v powerful consolidate elitism

140
Q

Arguments against pressure groups (inequality of groups)

A

Describe as ‘competing elites’

Environment groups can’t compete with big business

141
Q

What are the impacts of pressure group on congress

A

Lobby members
Lobby congressional committee
Organise constituents
Publicise voting records+endorse candidates

142
Q

Lobbying members of congress (impact of pressure groups on congress)

A

Pressure groups Websites show how to contact members of congress
State of current legislation going through

143
Q

Lobbying congressional committees (impact of pressure groups on congress)

A

Committee have lots of power over bills
Influence bill before it gets to floors
Small on-going committee-lobbyist form relationship wi members

144
Q

Example of pressure group activity in congress

A

Senate judiciary committee
Hearing; protect elders from financial exploitation 2016
Pressure group witnesses; Joseph Marquart AARP

145
Q

Organisations constituents (impact of pressure groups on congress)

A

Get them to write,phone+email congress

1,500 labour+environmental groups joint letter to opppose Trans Pacific Partnership

146
Q

Publicising voting records (impact of pressure groups on congress)

A

NRA rates on gun votes A-F

147
Q

Impact of pressure groups on the executive

A

Strong ties with departments-about federal gov regulations
E,g regarding health and safety at work
Too ‘cosy relationship’
Watchdogs or lapdogs?

148
Q

Impact of pressure groups on the judiciary

A

Amicus Curiae briefings
2005 American Civil Liberties Union McCreary V ACLU
Court ruled 10 commandments in Kentucky courthouse unconstitutional

149
Q

Example of NRA judiciary involvement

A

District of Columbia V Heller
Washington ban on handguns unconstitutional
Significant role

150
Q

Example of national federation of business involved in the judiciary

A

Challenged obamacare took all the way to Supreme Court

151
Q

arguments against pressure groups (special interest versus public interest)

A

small group before society
e.g NAACP
don’t look at implication on everyone else

152
Q

arguments against pressure groups (buying political influence)

A

senator Edward Kennedy ‘pay to play’

Clean Water Act bill weakened by lobbyists representing Chemical Manufacturers Association

153
Q

arguments against pressure groups (using direct action)

A

turn violent

1990s Occupy movement turned violent in some cities

154
Q

some examples of fortune magazines ‘top ten most influential pressure groups 2014@

A

1-NRA
2-US chamber of commerce
3-American Medical Association

U.S Politics (OB) (2 decks)

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