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Healthy Populations Exam 3 > Pocket Pets > Flashcards

Pocket Pets Flashcards

1
Q

Which pocket pets are included in the suborder myomorpha?

A

Rats
Mice
Hamsters
Gerbils

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2
Q

What are the “hardarian glands” of rats and mice?

A

Gland located in orbit around both eyes
Produces porphyrin (iron containing red pigment)
Stress causes hyper-secretion (red-tears)

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3
Q

How do you sex rats and mice?

A

Anogenital distance is shorter in females than males

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4
Q

Rats have ___ pairs of mammary glands and mice have ____ pairs

A

6; 5

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5
Q

Feed for rats and mice should be provided:

A

Ad libitum

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6
Q

What are the most appropriate ways to handle rats and mice?

A

Grasping base of tail (not tip)
Scruffing the skin of next with tail hold (mouse)
Thoracic grip over the shoulders (rat)

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7
Q

What are the main characteristics of Sendai Virus (SeV)?

A

Highly infectious disease of mice
Murine parainfluenza virus type 1
Rep problems, pneumonia, stunting & high mortality in juvenile mice

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8
Q

What is Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)?

A

Arenaviridae found in mice and hamsters
Mice > Hamsters
Zoonotic!

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9
Q

How is LCM spread?

A

Spread via urine, droppings, saliva, contaminated nesting material

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of LCM in mice?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, rough coat, meningitis, encephalitis, death

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11
Q

How does LCM present in humans?

A

Febrile, muscle aches

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12
Q

What causes Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Clostridium spp.
Intestinal disease of rats and esp. mice

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, perineal staining, watery diarrhea, dehydration, rapid death
Multiple abscesses on the liver

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14
Q

How is Tyzzer’s disease transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral
Potentially zoonotic

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15
Q

What is Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)?

A

Highly contagious coronaviral disease of rats

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16
Q

What are the signs of SDAV?

A

Dry eyes, no saliva, weight loss
Resolves ~10 days
Post infection sequelae: corneal ulcers and glaucoma

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17
Q

What is the most common mammary tumor in rats and mice?

A

Fibroadenomas
Tx by surgical removal (recurrence high)

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18
Q

What causes dental problems in rats and mice?

A

Soft diets, calcium deficiency, fractures of jaw, trauma

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19
Q

Where are dental problems in rats and mice commonly seen?

A

Incisors
Notice more in rats than mice
Tx- clip or trim abnormal tooth

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20
Q

What is the most distinguishing anatomical feature of hamsters?

A

Cheek pouches
-used to transport food
-can be everted
-immunoprivileged site

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21
Q

Describe common hamster nutrition?

A

Omnivores (vegetables, seeds, fruits, meat)
Multiple meals per day
Coprophagous- source of Vitamin B and K

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22
Q

How do we sex hamsters?

A

Same as rats/mice; anogenital distance shorter in females than males

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23
Q

Describe proliferative ileitis of hamsters

A

Enteritis, “Wet tail”
C. diff and other bacteria

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24
Q

Clinical signs of Proliferative ileitis?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, ruffled coat, typhlitis, diarrhea, dehydration, death
Cause: Hyperplasia of ileal epithelium

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25
Q

What causes proliferative ileitis?

A

Often post-antibiotic therapy, stress, poor diet, recently weaned individuals
-Fecal-oral transmission

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26
Q

What are the most common bacterial isolates of hamster pneumonia?

A

Pasteurella pneumotropica, Streptococcus pneumoniae

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27
Q

Clinical signs of pneumonia in hamsters include:

A

Lethargy, anorexia, resp distress, nasal/ocular discharge

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28
Q

How to treat pneumonia in hamsters:

A

Eliminate stress, reduce stocking density
Antibiotic therapy

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29
Q

Tyzzer’s disease in hamsters is caused by:

A

Clostridium piliforme

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30
Q

Clinical signs of Tyzzer’s in hamsters?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, scruffy/hunched up appearance, profuse bloody diarrhea and dehydration, acute mortality

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31
Q

What is the main cause of Tyzzer’s disease in hamsters?

A

Stress-induced!

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32
Q

Male gerbils are called ____ and females are called _____

A

Hobs; jills

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33
Q

What is the lifespan of hamsters, gerbils, and rats/mice?

A

Hamsters: 2-3 years
Gerbils: 3-4 years
Rats/Mice: 2-3 years

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34
Q

How do gerbils show aggression and excitement?

A

Foot stomping aka “thumping”

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35
Q

How to sex gerbils?

A

Same as other myomorphs, anogenital distance greater in males

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36
Q

Describe gerbil nutrition?

A

Granivorous and omnivorous
Avoid total seed based diets
Ad libitum

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37
Q

What are the most common viral diseases of gerbils?

A

None identified yet

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38
Q

Most common diseases of gerbils?

A

Tyzzer’s disease
Nasal dermatitis
Salmonellosis
Trauma

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39
Q

What is nasal dermatitis?

A

“Sore nose”
Stress-induced, irritation from porphyrin secretion on nose and face
Can get secondary bacterial (staph aureus) infection

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40
Q

How to treat nasal dermatitis?

A

Remove stressors
Clean face daily
Topical therapy (Triple antibiotic ophthalmic ointment BID)

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41
Q

Salmonellosis is most common in:

A

Juvenile gerbils (3-6 weeks)

42
Q

Clinical signs of salmonellosis in gerbils include:

A

Weight loss, rough haircoat, listlessness, dehydration, death
Systemic dz: Hepatitis, peritonitis

43
Q

What kind of trauma do gerbils typically encounter and how do we treat?

A

Tail degloving
Tail amputation

44
Q

What are the major differences between hystrichomorphs and myomorphs?

A

Hystrichomorphs-
1. longer gestation
2. produce precocious offspring at birth
3. have cellular membrane that closes over vaginal opening except during estrus and at parturition

45
Q

Which species are hystrichomorphs?

A

Guinea pigs, chinchillas, nutria

46
Q

How do you hold a guinea pig?

A

Do not scruff, support chest and rear quarters

47
Q

What is the life span of guinea pigs?

A

5-7 years

48
Q

Describe the nutrition of guinea pigs:

A

Strict herbivores
Food and water ad libitum
Coprophagy (have daily Vitamin C requirement)
Tend to play with waterers causing spillage

49
Q

What is one thing to remember with guinea pig housing?

A

Guinea pigs need solid bottoms and floors; wire bottoms cause pododermatitis and injury

50
Q

How do we sex guinea pigs?

A

DO NOT USE ANOGENITAL DISTANCE
Males: extrude penis with digital pressure
Females: “Y” shaped opening

51
Q

Describe the function of the vaginal closure membrane in guinea pigs:

A

In place until first estrus
Opens prior to estrus, then closes
Closed during pregnancy, opens prior to parturition

52
Q

Guinea pigs must breed and deliver their first litter before what age? Why?

A

6-8 months
If not, results in permanent fusion of the pubic symphysis and future dystocia

53
Q

What are the most common guinea pig diseases (7)?

A

Resp disease
Scurvy
Antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia
Salmonellosis
Cervical lymphadenitis
Pododermatitis
Dermatitis

54
Q

What commonly causes respiratory disease in guinea pigs?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus pneumonia

55
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory diseases in guinea pigs?

A

Anorexia, nasal/ocular discharge, dyspnea, +/- neuro signs and abortion (Strep spp.)

56
Q

What is “Scurvy”?

A

Vitamin C deficiency (diet, abrupt change)
Young animals can develop clinical signs within 2 weeks of deficiency
Impaired collaged synthesis

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of Scurvy?

A

Resp disease, malocclusion, diarrhea, pododermatitis, lameness, enlarged long bone junctions, joint stiffness

58
Q

What are the Vitamin C requirements for guinea pigs?

A

Adults: 10 mg/kg/day
Pregnant: 30 mg/kg/day
Commercial diets: 200 mg/kg

59
Q

What is the main cause of antibiotic associated enterotoxemia:

A

Clostridium difficile

60
Q

What are the clinical signs of antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia?

A

Anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, hypothermia, sudden death

61
Q

What do we need to re-establish in the GI flora of guinea pigs with antibiotic associated enterotoxemia?

A

Lactobacillus, transfaunation

62
Q

Which species of Salmonella commonly cause disease in guinea pigs?

A

Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis

63
Q

What clinical signs are seen in guinea pigs with salmonellosis?

A

Non-specific signs, abortion, conjunctivitis, +/- diarrhea

64
Q

How is salmonellosis spread?

A

Fecal-oral

65
Q

Cervical lymphadenitis is caused by:

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

66
Q

Clinical signs of cervical lymphadenitis?

A

SQ cervical masses which yields yellow-white exudate, may have no other signs

67
Q

How do we treat cervical lymphadenitis?

A

Lance and flush, surgical excision

68
Q

What are the main causes of pododermatitis in guinea pigs?

A

Wire bottom cages
Poor husbandry
Dirty walking surfaces
Trauma

69
Q

Rabbits are part of the order ________

A

Lagomorphs

70
Q

What is the average life span of rabbits?

A

6-15 years

71
Q

What type of diet do rabbits require (generally speaking)?

A

High fiber diets, >18% fiber

72
Q

What is the difference between day and night feces of rabbits? Why is it this way?

A

Day: high fiber, dry
Night: High protein, low fiber, soft

73
Q

What is “snuffles”?

A

Bacterial infection of tear ducts and nasal sinuses
Pasteurella multocida

74
Q

What predisposes rabbits to snuffles?

A

Shipping, stress, resp irritation, concurrent Bordetella bronchiseptica infection

75
Q

Clinical signs of Snuffles?

A

Respiratory tract: “snuffling,” white mucoid nasal discharge, dyspnea, and crusty inside of forelegs
Inner ear: torticollis, head tilt

76
Q

What is slobbers?

A

Manifestation of the clinical signs of malocclusion

77
Q

What might you see in a rabbit with slobbers?

A

Difficulty eating, dropping food, problems grooming, slobbering, acting hungry but losing weight, lateral tongue ulcers, trauma to cheek, tooth abscess

78
Q

How to prevent slobbers?

A

Feed timothy hay to encourage use of molars
Trim/grind down teeth

79
Q

What is GI stasis?

A

Condition where the GI system slows down or stops completely

80
Q

Clinical signs of GI stasis?

A

Anorexia, decreased pellet production, thick doughy gastric contents on palpation, impaction

81
Q

Tx for GI stasis?

A

Rehydrate (SQ fluids), offer greens

82
Q

What is cuterebriasis?

A

Embedded larval stage of bot fly

83
Q

What would you see in a rabbit with cuterbriasis?

A

Swelling over back, rump, neck, shoulders, throat
Round hole with minimal discharge
May see larvae moving in hole

84
Q

Why is it crucial to remove the entire larvae WHOLE in a rabbit with cuterebriasis?

A

Toxic reactions can occur if the larvae is killed and not removed intact
Flush wounds and antibiotics if debilitated

85
Q

What is dermatophytosis?

A

Fungal infection of skin commonly known as “ringworm”

86
Q

What is cheyletiella parasitovorax?

A

Species of non-burrowing skin mite of rabbits
Causes moderate hair loss and scaly skin
Transmitted by direct contact
Zoonotic!

87
Q

What are the two basic color types for ferrets?

A

Albino
Fitch

88
Q

What is the general lifespan of ferrets?

A

5-8 years, up to 12

89
Q

What is one of the most distinguishing anatomical characteristics of ferrets?

A

Anal glands- large, primarily responsible for musk smell

90
Q

What is a ferret’s nutrition like?

A

Strict carnivores
High calorie, high protein, low fiber diet
Can have commercial ferret food and cat food (growth formula), NO DOG FOOD

91
Q

Why do ferrets not do well with dog food?

A

Too many carbohydrates

92
Q

What type of bedding should ferrets never have?

A

Cedar, pine

93
Q

What are the most common neoplasias of ferrets?

A

Pancreatic islet cell
Adrenocortical cell
Lymphoma
MCTs
Basal cell

94
Q

Most common ferret diseases?

A

Neoplasia
Foreign bodies
Distemper virus
Hyperestrogenic anemia

95
Q

What are the major clinical signs of a pancreatic endocrine tumor of ferrets (insulinomas)?

A

Hyperinsulinemia
Hypoglycemia
-Mental dullness, tremors, seizures, coma, collapse, tachycardia, hypothermia, hypersalivation, pawing at mouth, posterior paresis

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of adrenocortical tumors in ferrets?

A

“Adrenal Gland disease”
Progressive alopecia, vulvar swelling, return of male sexual behavior, pruritis, stranguria, muscle wasting

97
Q

Why is hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets not called Cushing’s Disease, as in small animal?

A

It is not of pituitary origin, originates from adrenal glands

98
Q

What are the two clinical manifestations of lymphoma in ferrets?

A

Young acute disease
Old chronic disease

99
Q

Distemper in ferrets is caused by:

A

Paramyxovirus

100
Q

What are the signs of distemper in ferrets, and when do they occur?

A

Anorexia, mucopurulent naso-ocular discharge, rash, hyperkeratotic foot pads, fever, CNS signs, 100% fatality

101
Q

How do we treat Distemper in ferrets?

A

Tx unwarranted and usually not successful
Signs in 7-10 days and death within 12-25 days

Healthy Populations Exam 3 (21 decks)

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