Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Real Rangering > Plumpton: Main > Flashcards

Plumpton: Main Flashcards

1
Q

Give three estate tasks that involve hedges

A
  • Shaping
  • Controlling weeds
  • Mulching (helps to retain water!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How should you water hedgerows? Why? Why shouldn’t you pamper them?

A
  • You want to water them heavily, but infrequently. This is to help them grow really deep roots (and it will help you save money).
  • If you water lightly and regularly, the roots will be shallow.
  • If you over pamper a hedge, it won’t be very resilient.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long does it take to grow and care for a hedge (as an overall project)?

A

Five years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When will a hedge start to look like a hedge?

A

During the third or fourth year (remember that it takes five years to grow a hedge). The whips will look more tree-like (and not planted).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the six super-common hedge species?

A
  1. Hawthorn
  2. Blackthorn
  3. Field maple
  4. Hazel
  5. Dogwood
  6. Wayfaring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example which shows why scientific names are important.

A

Hawthorn is called mayflower in some places (and there are many plants called mayflower!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does it mean if you can see through a hedge?

A

Then it isn’t that thick!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What feature is important on a hedge? Why?

A

A nice thick base. This is good for wildlife - it will allow them to breed without being disturbed/eaten.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you cut a hedge and why?

A
  • You should only cut one side of a hedge each year (so one side on one year, the next side the next year).
  • On the third year you should leave it alone. Then repeat the cycle.
  • This is because hedges fruit/flower on their second year!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens if you keep cutting hedge shoot?

A

A knuckle will develop and everything behind it will die back. This will result in horrible, gappy hedges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are hedges useful on farms? (4 Points)

A
  • They help to retain soil (this is useful because soils are constantly being ploughed).
  • They also help to retain water (by drinking it).
  • They also serve as anchor points for mycorrhizal systems.
  • They also serve as windbreaks, helping to prevent soil erosion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are brambles good for a hedge?

A

Yes - they’re good for food and they’re hard to penetrate. However, they’re a sign that too much light is reaching the bottom of a hedge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s wrong with this field maple?

A

It has mildew :(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is this a good hedge?

A

No, it’s far too small (hedgerow management on farms often sucks).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is this a sign of?

A

This is what happens when soil structure is bad (nasty puddles!) - this photo was taken in the corner of a corn field.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is this a good example of?

A

This is a really nice ecotone.
* There’s a hidden ditch, which is good for amphibians.
* The large tree is providing shade, which protects plants from extreme conditions that are becoming more commonplace due to climate change.
* It also has a wavy edge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the problem with Hooper’s Law?

A

A newly planted hedge will have lots of species!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s Hooper’s Law?

A

A law for determining how old a hedge is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give three indicator species that can be used to identify an old hedge.

A
  • Primroses
  • Bluebells
  • Dog’s mercury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give an example of a species that’s useless in a hedge.

A

Ash, it sucks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why might there be a surviving ash tree in an area that’s been savage by ash dieback?

A

They may be protected by the wind, and therefore they haven’t received any spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s one of the first signs of ash dieback?

A

Diamond-shaped lesions on bark surrounding a branch/twig.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does ash dieback start and where does it finish?

A

It starts in the leaves and finished in the roots. You can see it slowly killing a tree as it spreads downwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s a headland?

A

A wide margin towards the end of a crop field. This one has a bird mix sown into it (includes teasel!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is a lonely oak tree in a field any good?

A

Yes - it can support a huge amount of biodiversity as long as it’s connected to everything else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are beech monoculture woodlands so common in the UK? (2 Points)

A
  • Beech is a climax species (it’s very competitive).
  • Beech trees can feed their babies through mycorrhizae .
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are tree guards any good? (5 Points)

A

No
* They create microclimates that are warm and damp
* This is especially true if grass grows inside
* The microclimate causes bark to rot
* The guards also prevent lateral growth, resulting in any future hedges being gappy
* Rabbits will also be allowed to pass through the future hedge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are trees that are planted in hedgerows called?

A

Standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

W

Why should hedges be planted in wobbly lines?

A

To help create variation in the future hedge’s shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the different layers of a woodland? (There are five of them!)

A
  • Canopy
  • Subcanopy (small trees that are still growing)
  • Shrub layer
  • Herbaceous layer
  • Field layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can the occassional tree guard be useful for?

A

For letting the presence of a new hedgerow be known (e.g., to stop it from being mowed).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why are black poplars in decline?

A
  • Females produce fluffy seeds that look like snow
  • No one liked this so they were cut down :(
  • Now there’s a non-viable breeding population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does a good hedge look like? What about a bad hedge?

A

The one on the left is good. The one on the right is bad. The one on the right has been flailed to within an inch of its life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why are standards good in coppice woods? (2 Points)

A

Because their shade helps to protect new coppice growth. They also maintain soil structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Other than lesions, what’s another symptom of ash dieback?

A

Water shoots (whippy twigs that grow straight up). The tree is trying to compartmentalize the fungus and stop it from reaching other parts of the tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why does ash that’s been infected with dieback need to be cut down on public lands?

A
  • Ash diebacks rots roots, making trees susceptible to falling over.
  • The fungus also makes branches very brittle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens when ash trees are removed from a forest due to dieback?

A

There’s rapid growth in the shrub layer - brambles will especially grow strongly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What’s a distinctive feature of a hazel dormouse nest?

A

The scent of honeysuckle!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do blackthorn leaves look like? What’s the scientific name of blackthorn?

A

Prunus spinosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do dogwood leaves look like? What’s the scientific name for dogwood?

A

Cornus sanguinea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What’s the latin name for common hawthorn?

A

Crataegus monogyna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does a wayfaring tree look like? What’s the scientific name for a wayfaring tree?

A

Viburnum lantana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What’s the scientific name for a field maple?

A

Acer campestre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Should you ever strike the top of a spade with the sole of your boot?

A

No, you could very easily injure yourself. Instead, you should move your feet apart, lift up the spade, and then drop it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What’s this?

A

A British Telecom rabbiting spade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why should you always use spoil sheets when using shov-holers?

A

Because soil extracted from deep-down is very hard to get rid off once it’s on grass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a spike actually called? When do you use one?

A
  • A pinch/crow bar
  • You use one when you’re trying to get through chalk, flint, or concrete.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do you use a pinch/crow bar?

A
  • Bend your knees
  • Straighten yourself up
  • Drop!
  • Remember to loosen your grip just before the bar strikes the soil.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a post driver actually called?

A

A drivall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What should you remember to wear when using a drivall?

A

A hard hat - you could easily knock yourself out otherwise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When using a drivall in a pair, why should you match the strength of the other person?

A

If you’re stronger than the other person, then you may tip the drivall towards them and cause serious injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Can you use a sledgehammer to drive in a fence post?

A

No - sledgehammers are designed to break things. A sledgehammer would break the top of a post.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where should you leave a tape measure?

A

Anywhere but the ground - they catch dirt really easily :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What should you apply in thin layers when tamping?

A

Dry cement! Make sure the cement is firmly packed against the edges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When pushing mortices so that tenons go inside them, what can you do if the fence post isn’t straight (e.g., won’t go any further)?

A
  • Mark where there’e resistance on the tenon
  • Chisel the area away around the mark you’ve made
  • If there’s still resistance, repeat this process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

When slotting in rails into mortices, what way up should they be?

A

The non-barked side should face upwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The higher-quality fence rail should be…

A

At the top!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why do some bow saws have gaps between their teeth?

A

To remove sappy sawdust paste - only use these saws when cutting through green wood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What would you use the top blade for? What about the bottom blade?

A
  • Top blade: green wood
  • Bottom blade: dead wood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What sort of saws are very dangerous?

A

Those that don’t have many teeth - they’ll saw straight through into the bone. This includes silky saws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When would you use a curved saw?

A

When trying to cut a branch that’s high up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What’s a side axe?

A

An axe where the bevel is only on one side. The bevel should face inwards towards your centre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the two types of lopper?

A
  • Bypass lopper (common type)
  • Anvil lopper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What sort of edge should you not use for precise work (e.g., carving)?

A

A concave edge (felt-tip edge). The blade will glance off when in use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are convex/felt-tip edges good for?

A

Splitting things!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How can you tell if a blade is sharp? (3 Ways)

A
  • First, look down the edge and see if there are any dents or curves.
  • You can also put the edge under a light. Any damage will shine/glint!
  • You can also run your thumb along a blade. If you feel resistance (or “scratchiness”) then the blade is sharp.
67
Q

What are burrs on an edge?

A
  • They’re parts of an edge that are bent over/aren’t straight.
  • They make your blade feel as though it’s sharp when you rub your thumb over it.
  • They break off when you use your blade, causing it to become blunt.
68
Q

What’s a quality of cheap cutting tools?

A

They have really short bevels, meaning they aren’t very sharp.

69
Q

Engineering files have different grits. What does that mean?

A

The grit of a file determines how much material you remove with each stroke. The higher the grit value, the more fine your edge will be.

70
Q

What are sharpening stones made of? The larger they are…

A

Carbon granules that have been glued together. The larger the granules, the coarser the sharpening stone.

71
Q

Can you use a sharpening stone without a rubbing compound?

A

Yes (but it won’t be very effective).

72
Q

What are the two different types of sharpening stone? Why are waterstones mroe commonly used?

A
  • Waterstones - these use water or spit as a rubbing compound.
  • Oilstones - these use oil as a rubbing compound (like WD40).
  • Since oil is carcinogenic and expensive, oilstones are typically only used in workshops.
  • On a side note, you can’t use water with oilstones.
73
Q

What should you do before sharpening a rusty blade?

A

Remove the rust with a file and then brush the dust away.

74
Q

Why should you pay attention to the material you’re sharpening?

A

Because stainless steel is exceptionally difficult to sharpen!

75
Q

How do you sharpen a knife with a Japanese whetstone? (Step 1 of 3) (6 Points).

A
  • Start with the main body of the blade pressed flat against the base of the stone.
  • Put your middle three fingers on the body of the blade.
  • Tilt the blade so the bevel is flat against the stone.
  • Push the blade forward, shifting it slightly so that the entire length of the blade is sharpened.
  • Make sure the blade never leaves the stone.
  • Repeat this 10 times.
76
Q

How do you sharpen a knife with a Japanese whetstone? (Step 2 of 3) (2 Points).

A
  • Repeat step 1, but this time pull towards you.
  • Make sure your middle three fingers are against the spine of the blade as you pull.
77
Q

How do you sharpen a knife with a Japanese whetstone? (Step 3 of 3) (2 Points).

A
  • To sharpen the curved end of a knife, repeat steps 1 and 2 with the end.
  • You need to twist your shoulders so that the entirety of the curved edge rubs against the whetstone.
78
Q

What are the five essential elements?

A
  • Water
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Territory/space
  • Arrangement (how the other four things are arranged within an area e.g., is water accessible?)
79
Q

What’s a bodger?

A

Someone who lives and works in a wood - it’s much easier to process wood in the same place as it’s cut!

80
Q

What are still water habitats known as?

A

Lotic habitats

81
Q

What are moving water habitats known as?

A

Lentic habitats

82
Q

What are secondary woodlands?

A

Secondary woodlands are woodlands that have grown naturally on land that was previously cleared of trees.

83
Q

Why are plagioclimax habitats important?

A

Because secondary woodlands (which succession works towards) will never be as species rich as plagioclimax communities.

84
Q

What are the three different species of shrew in the UK?

A
  • Common
  • Pygmy
  • Water
85
Q

How can you tell a field vole from a bank vole?

A

Field voles don’t have very visible ears - bank voles do (they’re much easier to spot). Field voles also have less prominent eyes.

86
Q

Who this

A

A female black bird Turdus merula

87
Q

What’s the scientific name of the Eurasian wren?

A

Troglodytes trogodytes

88
Q

What’s the scientific name of the blackcap?

A

Sylvia atricapilla

Sylvia means “spirit of the woods”.

89
Q

Bud arrangement can be used to identify a tree. Give the four different bud arrangements.

A
90
Q

What exactly is the subcanopy?

A

A layer of the forest that consists of smaller species and species that want to reach dominance but can’t due to competition.

91
Q

What are two taxonomic ranks beyond species?

A

Variety and cultivar

92
Q

Without management, heathlands and moorlands become dominated by…

A

Bracken!

93
Q

If wetlands aren’t managed, then _____________ and _____________ take over.

A

Willow and alder.

94
Q

What is (arguably) the most important aspect of habitat management?

A

Education
* This involves getting people to care about protecting species and letting them know why certain activities are carried out.
* Education can also help to secure extra funding.

95
Q

What are red dots on a phase 1 map?

A

Target notes!

96
Q

When are phase 1 habitat surveys carried out?

A

Between March and September (the growing season).

97
Q

What’s the first step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Visit the site and identify the hazards.

98
Q

What’s the second step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Identify who can be harmed and how.

99
Q

What’s the third step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Identify what precautions are already in place.

100
Q

What’s the fourth step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Rate the level of risk in terms of likelihood and severity (high, medium, or low?)

101
Q

What’s the fifth step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Considering the precautions that are already in place to control a hazard, what further action is needed?

102
Q

What’s the sixth step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

Identify who is going to implement new precautions to control a hazard and when they’re going to do them.

103
Q

What’s the seventh and final step when filling out a risk assessment sheet?

A

What’s the “residual” risk rating now that new precautions have been put in place? (Low, medium, or high?)

104
Q

When do you have to do a risk assessment (by law)?

A

When you employ five or more people.

105
Q

If you’re going to be lazy when doing a risk assessment, what’s the one thing you should do (at the very least)?

A

An emergency action plan - the most important thing by far.

106
Q

What comes first, a risk assessment or an emergency action plan?

A

An emergency action plan (always the most important thing).

107
Q

What are the two types of risk assessment?

A
  • Generic risk assessments
  • On-site risk assessments
108
Q

What is a generic risk assessment?

A

These are pre-made risk assessments that cover a certain activity.

109
Q

What is an on-site risk assessment? Why can’t they always be done?

A
  • A higher quality risk assessment (compared to a generic risk assessment).
  • They’re specific to a certain place/situation/task/tool(s).
  • They can’t always be done as they’re very time consuming.
110
Q

In what shape hole should trees be planted in?

A

Square shaped holes.
* If you plant them in circular holes then the roots will develop as if they’re in a plant pot.
* The thinking goes that if there’s a sharp angle in the edge of the hole, the root won’t turn and will be forced into the surrounding soil.

111
Q

If a sapling is going to be held down by stakes, what sort of tape should be used?

A

Hessian tape - this will allow the tree to sway in the wind.

112
Q

If you’re going to buy saplings, where should you get them from?

A

From the closest nursery. Their saplings should be adapted to the climate and they’ll be of native strains.

Oak saplings from Poland that are grown in the UK are tiny.

113
Q

What’s myawaki tree planting?

A

A highly effective type of urban tree planting where soils are aerated and planted close together.

114
Q

Why’s myawaki tree planting good for avoiding vandalism?

A
  • Because trees can be fenced off
  • And they’re tightly packed together (isolated saplings are vulnerable).
115
Q

Why are trees useful when placed near pig and poultry units?

A

Because they can absorb ammonia.

116
Q

What is a riparian zone?

A

A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream.

117
Q

How long does it take for tree roots to become established after planting a sapling?

A

Roughly 3 to 4 years.

118
Q

What happens to a hedge every 100 years?

A

A new woody species will get added to it (naturally). This is why Hooper’s Law works (kind of)!

119
Q

What is by far the most common hedge species? Why is it better than another popular species?

A

Hawthorn.
* In most cases it makes up 50% of a hedge.
* It’s better than blackthorn, which produces suckers that cause the species to spread quickly if it isn’t managed properly.
* Like blackthorn, it’s also stockproof (meaning livestock won’t pass through it because it’s so spiny).

Hawthorn is a popular species in Sussex because it would be taken from the Downs and planted.

120
Q

What predator species are attracted to hedges?

A

Birds of prey (because hedges are filled with small mammals).

This is why so many owls die on roads.

121
Q

Why is alder a great species to plant along a river?

A

Because its roots can tolerate being waterlogged for extended periods of time.

122
Q

What must you do before filling a fence post hole?

A

Make sure the tenons of the rails actually fit in the mortices.

123
Q

When using a string to check is a set of fence posts are straight, what do you need to remember?

Hint: outside.

A

Tie the string around the bottom of the first post, and make sure the knot is on the outside of the fence.

124
Q

If a fence post isn’t straight before you fill in the hole, what can you use to straighten it?

A

A mell - bash the bottom first and then the top.

If it’s still wonky then you may need to dig deeper.

125
Q

What do you need to remember when chiselling wood?

A

Make little notches along the area you want to cut away so that the material bends away!

126
Q

You find a tree that has succumbed to ash dieback. How should you manage it and why?

A
  • Keep all deadwood on site
  • Leave the trunk standing and cut-off everything else for safety reasons
  • Certain beetle larvae love deadwood when it’s below ground, and then when it’s above ground when they’re adults
127
Q

You find a stream. Do you need to manage it?

A

No, sometimes not managing something at all is the correct management option.

128
Q

When managing a ride, what should always be visible?

A

The ground layer!

129
Q

When should you add bird boxes to a woodland?

A

When you’re creating a disturbance (e.g., coppicing).

130
Q

How should you really manage a ride (in terms of cutting operations).

A
  • The middle path should be mowed every year.
  • The sides should be cut every other year as biennials need to set seed!

Biennial: any herbaceous flowering plant that completes its life cycle in two growing seasons.

131
Q

Are there set rules for how wide a ride should be?

A

No, you have to do it by ear.

132
Q

What is a safe working distance for a swinging tool, like a slasher?

A

Two times the length of the tool.

133
Q

You can create miniature glades along a ride. Where should you make them?

A

In areas where light penetrates the canopy.

134
Q

How do you correctly use a slasher?

A
  • Make sure your grip hand (your left hand/hand that’s at the base of the slasher) has no glove, otherwise you risk accidentally throwing the slasher.
  • Try to slash close to the ground at a 45 degree angle.

Remember that people should be 2x the length of your slasher away from you.

135
Q

Why aren’t very narrow rides much good?

A

Because not much light reaches the forest floor, and keeping conditions sunny is the main goal of ride maintenance.

136
Q

When planting hedge saplings, you do so in staggered rows. What are the dimensions of these rows?

A
  • In a single row, saplings should be 33cm apart.
  • The two rows themselves should be 50cm apart.
137
Q

How many saplings would you expect to find in 100m of hedge?

A

606 (100/0.33 = 303. 303 * 2 = 606).

138
Q

Do hedgerows need two rows of saplings?

A

Yes, otherwise they won’t be very dense.

139
Q

Why are tree guards especially important during the winter?

A

Because they stop hungry voles from nibbling away at the bark of saplings.

140
Q

Why can planting hedges be good for biosecurity reasons?

A

Because they can help stop the spread of diseases, namely TB.

141
Q

When you’re going to buy a tree, you can choose from a variety of different sizes. What are these sizes called?

A

Stock categories. Categories include:
* Seedlings
* Transplants
* Whips
* Feathered
* Short, light, or half-standard
* Standard and heavy standard
* Semi-mature

142
Q

What are the five different types of nursery stock?

A
  • Bare-root
  • Root-wrapped
  • Root-balled
  • Containerised/potted
  • Container grown
143
Q

What are bare-root saplings? When can they be planted?

A

The cheapest form of sapling/nursery stock.
* They’re very fragile
* But they’re very easy to transport
* The roots are moistened and sealed in a plastic bag
* They can be planted between February and November

144
Q

What’s very important to remember when planting bare-root saplings?

A
  • The roots have to be completely covered in soil when you plant them
  • This is because any air pockets will kill the plant (frost will creep into the spaces).
145
Q

Is it better to plant young saplings or older saplings?

A

Younger saplings. This is because older trees are more vulnerable when they’re being planted (the roots have to be planted at a very specific depth).

146
Q

What’s the difference between bare-root and root-wrapped saplings?

Note that “root-wrapped” is not the same as “root-balled”.

A
  • Root-wrapped trees are sold in bags full of peat.
  • The main advantage is that the season during which they can be planted is extended (November to April, as opposed to November to February).
147
Q

What are root-ball sapling roots wrapped in? Why?

A

They’re wrapped in hessian. The balls are planted straight into the ground. The hessian enables the roots to breath without drying out in transport.

148
Q

What’s the difference between containerised and container-grown saplings?

A
  • Containerised saplings are initially grown in the ground before they’re transported into containers.
  • Container-grown saplings have spent their whole lives in pots.

Be careful when buying container-grown saplings - they may actually be containised saplings which are a lot cheaper to produce.

149
Q

Are container-grown saplings any good?

A

Yes - plants respond well to being reared in pots.
* Pots enable growers to consistently produce many high-quality saplings.
* They can also be sold and planted at any time of the year.

150
Q

What’s a whip?

A

A sapling that’s smaller than 1m in height.

151
Q

Why is it important that trees are measured at breast height?

A

Because trees can be quite wide at their bases due to buttresses.

152
Q

What’s the easiest form of tree planting? What should it only be used with?

A

Slit planting. It should only be used with whips.

153
Q

When planting a sapling, why does pulling it up a bit when it’s in its hole really helpful?

A

Because it helps the roots to spread.

154
Q

What are the two main downsides of slit planting?

A
  • It only really works for whips.
  • When pushing the soil down with your foot, you may accidentally cause the tree to grow at a slant.
155
Q

What’s the superior method to slit planting? (5 Points).

A

T-notch planting.
* Make a T-shape with your spade.
* Insert your spade in the top of the T and lever the dirt upwards (the soil should be like a pair of doors opening).
* Keep your spade in the ground and insert the sapling into the space created.
* Remove the spade.
* Firm-down the soil around the sapling.

156
Q

If you want to maximise a tree’s chance of survival, what’s the best planting method?

A

Pit planting. This is because it aerates the roots and gives them more contact with the soil.

157
Q

You can only do T-notch planting on one ground type. What is it?

A

Grass-covered ground. You can’t do it on bare soil.

158
Q

On what type of soil can you perform pit-planting?

A

All types of soil.

159
Q

Describe the four steps involved in slit planting. Assume you’re using tree guards.

A
  • Push your spade all the way into the ground and push it forwards.
  • Insert your sapling. The root plug should be 2cm above the ground.
  • Remove the spade and push the soil around the tree.
  • Put the tree guard around the sapling. Push it into the dirt.
160
Q

How do you perform a pit plant?

A
  • Create a square-shaped hole with your spade. The hole should be two to five times wider than the diameter of the root ball.
  • Check to see if the hole will be deep enough to fit all the roots.
  • Refill the hole with your soil.
  • Press the soil down with your foot. Make sure all air gaps are filled.
161
Q

What’s very important to remember when mulching the ground around saplings? Why?

A
  • You should allow a 1 to 2 inch clearance around the sapling where there’s no mulch.
  • This is to prevent the soil level from rising.
162
Q

Other than reduced vandalism rates, why else is myawaki planting really good? (3 Points)

A
  • Trees can be planted really close together (3 trees per m2).
  • Disease risk is significantly reduced.
  • Root growth is 10x faster.
163
Q

What should be done to sapling roots (or the soil) before miyawaki planting takes place? (One thing or another).

A
  • The roots should be dipped in micorrhizal powder.
  • Alternatively, the soils can be enriched with bio-char, compost tea, and seaweed.

Real Rangering (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions