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Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which domains and kingdoms are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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2
Q

What traits distinguish protists from other kingdoms?

A

they live in moist, aquatic environments, are both uni and cellular, and reproduce asexually.

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3
Q

What traits distinguish plants from other kingdoms?

A

they have chloroplasts, autotrophic, and vascular tissues.

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4
Q

How do plants acquire what they need to gain biomass?

A

through photosynthesis and nutrient absorption

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5
Q

What traits distinguish the fungi kingdom from other kingdoms?

A

they have chitin, are decomposers, reproduce both sexually and asexually.

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6
Q

How do mycorrhizae and plants benefit from their mutualistic relationship?

A

plants receive enhanced access to nutrients, and fungi receive carbohydrates and a stable habitat

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7
Q

What traits distinguish the animal kingdom from other kingdoms

A

they have specialized tissues, are heterotrophic, cephalization, and sexual reproduction.

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8
Q

How does the embryonic development of animals enable them to acquire specialized tissues
and structures?

A

during gastrulation 3 different germ layers are formed, cells get specialized, and then grow into complex organisms

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9
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency to resist change to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment.a

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10
Q

How do negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis?

A

They counteract changes form their set points by opposing the stimulus.

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11
Q

How do positive feedback loops maintain homeostasis?

A

They maintain the direction of the stimulus, sometimes accelerating it

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12
Q

How can you identify negative and positive feedback loops?

A

A negative feedback loop counteracts a stimulus while a positive feedback loop accelerates a stimulus.

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13
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

When aniammls maintain body temperature within a specific range

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14
Q

What are the similarities and differences between ectotherms and endotherms?

A

Ectotherms rely on the external environment to regulate body temperature, while endotherms maintain a stable internal body temperature. But both types generate heat.

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15
Q

How does the body temperature of ectotherms change with environmental
temperature?

A

As the environment gets colder, their body temperature gets colder, and as the environment gets hotter, their body temperature gets hotter.

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16
Q

How does the body temperature of endotherms change with environmental
temperature?

A

Their body maintains a stable body temperature despite environmental changes.

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17
Q

How do animals use insulation to thermoregulate?

A

It reduces heat flow between the animal and the environment.

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18
Q

How do animals use brown adipose tissue to thermoregulate?

A

It helps aniamals generate heat

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19
Q

How do animals use vasodilation and vasoconstriction to thermoregulate?

A

Vasodilation widens blood cells which increases heat loss and cools down the body. Vasoconstriction constricts blood vessels which decreases heat loss which warms up the body.

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20
Q

How do animals use countercurrent exchange systems to thermoregulate?

A

warm blood flows from the heart to cold areas a body to warm up, heat gets transferred and the cold blood gets sent back up the heart, therefore maintain a stable internal body temperature.

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21
Q

How do animals use behavioral modifications to thermoregulate?

A

They use them to regulate their body temperature by moving into the shade or sun, using water, or huddling together.

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22
Q

What is the direction of water movement in osmosis?

A

from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration.

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23
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process of maintaining salt and water balance across the membranes within the body’s fluids.

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24
Q

How do blood cells change in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions?

A

Hypertonic: water flows out the cell = more solutes in solutions than in the cell (shrinks and shrivels)
Isotonic: Water flows in and out the cell = even concentration inside and out the cell.
Hypotonic: water flows into the cell = less solutes in the solution than the cell (grows, bursts)

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25
Q

How does the osmoregulation of fish differ in freshwater vs. saltwater?

A

Freshwater: salt concentration is higher in the fish than in water, so water flows right in over gills, therefore the fish doesn’t actively drink water and excretes more diluted urine.
Saltwater: Salt concentration is lower in fish than in water, so water flows out of the fish. Therefore, it actively drinks more water and excretes concentrated urine.

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26
Q

How do humans maintain osmoregulation using negative feedback loops?

A

For example, if you drink too much water, your water content of blood is too high. Your pituitary gland will release less ADH, which lowers the volume of water reabsorbed by the kidney. You will then have a high volume of diluted urine excreted from the bladder, which lowers the volume of water passed into the blood and regulates the water content in the blood.

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27
Q

What are the four main macromolecules and their monomers?

A

Carbohydrates - monosaccharide
Proteins - amino acid
Lipids - fatty acid
Nucleic acids - nucleotide

28
Q

How do we classify the types of animal diets?

A

Herbivores - feed on plats/algae
Carnivores - feed on animals
omnivores - feed of plats/algae and animals

29
Q

What feeding modes do animals use to acquire nutrients?

A

filter feeders- strain small organisms or food particles from water
substrate feeders - live in or on their food
fluid feeders - such nutrient-rich fluid form a living host
bulk feeders - eat relatively large pieces of food

30
Q

How does food move through the human digestive system to be broken down and
absorbed?

A

The mouth and salvatory glands break down food by chewing, then the esophagus pushes food down the stomach, the stomach then breaks down the proteins and moves the small intestine, in the small intestine digestive enzymes break down carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids while the surface area increases to absorb nutrients. Lastly, any undigested food goes through the large intestine while it absorbs minerals and water and any waste goes through the anus and rectum.

31
Q

How do humans regulate glucose levels using negative feedback loops

A

For example, when your blood glucose levels rise, your pancreas detects this and releases insulin, this transports glucose into body cells and then the blood glucose level falls. Now going in the opposite direction when blood glucose falls, secretion of glucagon by the pancreas begins and breaks down the glucagon and releases glucose until blood glucose levels rise.

32
Q

What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1- insulin dependent, autoimmune diseae, appears in childhood
Type 2 - non-insulin-dpedent, appears in adulthood

33
Q

What are the similarities and differences between open and closed circulatory systems?

A

open - a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid (hemolymph), the heart pumps hemolymph through vessels into sinuses, and heart relaxes and bring hemolymph back through pores
closed- blood is separate from interstitial fluid, costs more energy, generates high blood pressure which is more effective for oxygen delivery and creates larger and more active animals

34
Q

How do fish circulate blood through their bodies?

A

they have an atrium (chamber that receives blood entering the heart) and a ventricle (pumps blood out of the heart. the blood travels in a single loop with a two-chambered heart. The ventricle contracts and blood moves out of the heart and to the gills to be oxygenated, then blood travels around the rest of the body to deliver oxygen before returning to the heart.

35
Q

How do amphibians circulate blood through their bodies?

A

they have a three-chambered heart (right atrium, left atrium, and ventricle). one route takes non-oxygented blood through the and skin while the other route takes oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

36
Q

Why do birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart?

A

Because they are endotherms, it makes it possible by pulmonary and systemic circulation.

37
Q

How do birds and mammals circulate blood through their bodies?

A

they have a four-chambered heart (right and left atrium, aright and left ventricle). There is complete separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood and generates very high pressure to increase the efficiency of delivering oxygen to tissues.

38
Q

How do mammals use their four-chambered heart to circulate blood?

A

the right side is oxygen-poor and the left side is oxygen-rich. Pulmonary arteries pump oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the aorta carries the blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

39
Q

How do animals circulate blood through their bodies?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs throughout the body, these arteries branch into smaller arterioles. Then the capillaries allow for gas exchanges between the interstitial fluid and then the capillaries converge into venules and then continue to converge into veins. These veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

40
Q

How does the partial pressure of oxygen vary as it moves through the circulatory
system?

A

external respiration - the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the lungs and blood
Internal respiration - the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and cells

41
Q

How do fish use countercurrent exchange to perform gas exchange?

A

the countercurrent exchange of oxygen between the blood flowing in opposite directions while a partial pressure gradient is maintained. This allows for fish to breathe by acquiring O2 from the water.

42
Q

How do insects use a tracheal system to perform gas exchange?

A

It is the respiratory system in insects and is independent of the circulatory system.

43
Q

How do humans perform gas exchange?

A

The respiratory system allows for humans to oxygenate blood. This happens when alveoli which is the site of gas exchange and surrounded by capillaries turns oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich blood.

44
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

It is a slow response that usues signaling mollecules (hormones) secreted from the endocrine cells to act on target cells in distant parts of the body.

45
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones- soluble in water (not in fat) and cannot diffuse across plasma membrane. ex: insulin or oxytocin
Amine hormones - some are soluble in water (attach to target cells to do action), cannot diffuse across a plasma membrane. Ex: melatonin, epinephrine
Steroid hormone - insoluble in water (goes through membrane and acts inside), diffused across a plasma membrane. Ex: estrogen, testosterone.

46
Q

How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system to maintain
homeostasis?

A

it uses the hypothalamus to send signals to the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus - receives information from nerves throughout the body, and intergrates nervous and endocrine systems.
Pituitary gland - secretes hormones into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis.

47
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

endocrine - slower, uses hormones to send messages, organs are calld glands, hormones travel through blood stream
nervous - fast, uses action potentials to send messages, organs are brain, spinal cord, and nerves, uses neurons
both - react to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, both send messages, hypothalamus is the link between the two systems.

48
Q

What are the main components of our nervous system?

A

central nervous system - a building block which includes the brain and the spinal cord. This is where the analysis of information occurs
peripheral nervous system includes various types of neurons outside of the CNS

49
Q

What are neurons?

A

dendrites - receive electrical signals from other neurons
synaptic terminals - transmit signals from other neurons
neurotransmitters - chemical messengers that send signal from the nerve cell ti the target cell
cell body- the center for information
axons - transmit electrical signals to other neurons

50
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

motor neurons - carry information out the CNS to other neurons to tell the muscles and glands what to do
interneurons process information and form local circuits that connect neurons to the brain to integrate sensory information and are only found in the CNS
sensory neurons - bring information about what’s going on inside and outside the body to the CNS

51
Q

How do electrical signals (action potentials) travel across neurons?

A

info gets received at the dendrite and travels through the axon until it reaches the axon terminal, and an action potential (electrical signals) gets sent out.

52
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

it is -70 mV, while the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside. There are lots of K+ inside the cell and lots of Na+ outside the cell

53
Q

What are the differences between graded potentials and action potentials?

A

graded potentials - electrical signals where the magnitude of the signal varies with the strength of the stimulus.
action potentials - are electrical signals where the magnitude of the signal is independent of the strength of the magnitude, and once the membrane potential passes the -55 mV (influx of K+) threshold, an action potential occurs.

54
Q

How do ions move across the cell membrane at each stage of an action potential?

A

resting potential - there is no movement of ions
depolarization - the membrane is positively charged and the Na+ ion gate opens leading to an influx of Na+
repolarization - the membrane goes from positive to negative quickly while the K+ leaves. After this, both the K+ and Na+ ion gates open to return to the resting state.

55
Q

How do action potentials move down the axon?

A

it starts at the dendrites and Na flows into the cell and K+ moves out of the cells until the action potential reaches the end of the axon. It moves like a wave.

56
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

occurs when a stimulus causes the ion channels to open or close in the sensory neuron (receptor potential, not action), which results in a change in membrane potential)

57
Q

What are the “steps” involved in the sensory pathways

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory detection - response
  3. sensory transduction - ion channels open/close creating a receptor or graded potential
  4. neurotransmitters release - sends information
  5. action potential - depolarization passes and sends information to neuron
  6. perception of stimulus by the brain - action potential gets processed in the CNS
58
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors?

A

thermoreceptors - detect temperature
pain receptors - detect harmful conditions
chemoreceptors - detect the chemical environment
mechanoreceptors - detect pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound

59
Q

How do our ears enable us to hear?

A

Vibrations of hair cells in the Organ of Corti trigger the release of neurotransmitters to the sensory neuron. This hair then moves back and forth depending on the sound. Sensory neurons trigger action potentials to send information to the brain.

60
Q

How is sound received in the inner ear?

A

Ca+ and Na+ tush in while hair moves back and forth (depolarization) and neurotransmitters release from the hair (action potential)

61
Q

How do hair cells initiate action potentials?

A

when more neurotransmitters are sent to the sensory neuron, the more action potential and vice versa

62
Q

What is the structure of muscle tissue?

A

myofibrils - muscle fibers that surround the nuclei and consist of thick and thin filaments
sarcomeres - the smallest unit of contraction in a muscle, made of thick and thin filaments.
myosin/actin-myosin (thick filament) and actin (thin filaments) are proteins responsible for muscle contractions
sliding filament model - consists of myosin and actin interacting to cause muscle contractions

63
Q

How do we depolarize muscle cells?

A

ACh gets released into the motor neuron and travels to the T-tube causing Ca+ to enter cytosol. Once the muscle contracts Ca+ returns.

64
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin (the key) and moves the tropomyosin (the lock) and exposed the myosin-binding sites on actin.

65
Q

How does the sliding filament model explain the process of muscle contraction?

A

The slide filament model is when calcium unlocks tropomyosin. This allows for myosin to attach to actin. Myosin then pulls onto actin, which makes the muscle shorter and more flexible. The Ca+ unattaches from the tropomyosin, and the muscle relaxes.

Biology 211 (1 decks)

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