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Midterm > Physio Midterm > Flashcards

Physio Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Anion

A

Negative Ion

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2
Q

Cation

A

Positive Ion

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3
Q

3x2 Epithelial Tissue Types

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.
Simple vs. stratified

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4
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula, different structure

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5
Q

Structural Isomer

A

Different Covalent Arrangement

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6
Q

Geometric Isomer

A

Same covalent arrangement,
different spatial arrangement (e.g. cis vs. trans)

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7
Q

Stereoisomer

A

Mirror image

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8
Q

Aliphatic

A

Linear

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9
Q

Aromatic

A

Ring

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10
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Endothermic, links monomers together, releases water as byproduct

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11
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Uses water to break apart covalent bonds. Breaks water

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12
Q

3 6C monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

3 Disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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14
Q

3 Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, cellulose, starch

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15
Q

Ketone bodies

A

4C acidic molecules. Byproducts of Fatty acid breakdown

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16
Q

Amphipathic

A

Part hydrophobic, part hydrophyllic

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17
Q

What part of phospholipid is hydrophillic?

A

Phosphate (outside)

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18
Q

Prostoglandins

A

signaling molecules
cyclic hydrocarbons

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19
Q

Bond joining amino acids

A

Peptide Bond

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20
Q

Polypeptide

A

Many amino acids linked together

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence

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22
Q

Secondary structure

A

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
Formed by H-bonds btw atoms of backbone

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23
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall 3-D structure maintained by interactions of R-groups

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24
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Stable interactions btw 2 or more polypeptides

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25
Q

DNA nitrogen bases

A

A, C, T, G

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26
Q

DNA what pairs with what

A

A - T
G - C

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27
Q

RNA Bases

A

A - U
G - C

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28
Q

DNA -> DNA process, and enzyme

A

Replication, DNA Polymerase

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29
Q

DNA -> RNA Process and Enzyme

A

Transcription, RNA Polymerase

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30
Q

RNA -> protein process

A

Translation, Ribosome

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31
Q

mRNA

A

Carries info specifying protein sequence from DNA to ribosomes

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32
Q

tRNA

A

carries AA to ribosome

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33
Q

rRNA

A

catalytic and structural roles in ribosomes

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34
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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35
Q

Where are: Cilia, flagellum?

A

trachea, sperm

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36
Q

Microvilli

A

microscopic folds which increase surface area

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37
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

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38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse. Has own DNA. Inherited from mother

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39
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive compartments. Breaks down damaged organelles and engulfed material. Role in apoptosis

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40
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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41
Q

3 phases of lysosomes

A

Primary - Before “food”
Secondary - once fused with “food”
Residual Body - with indigestible material

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42
Q

Peroxisomes (and where)

A

Involved in oxidative reactions. Eliminates free radicals
Found in liver

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43
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Ribosomes attached. Protein synthesis (membrane-bound)

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44
Q

Where in body find rER?

A

Pancreas and antibody producers

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45
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

No ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis.

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46
Q

Where smooth ER?

A

Liver

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47
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Modification, packaging and sh

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48
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA bound by proteins

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49
Q

Histones

A

Proteins which bind DNA

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50
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly condensed, inaccessible DNA

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51
Q

Euchromatin

A

less condensed, accessible DNA

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52
Q

Codon

A

three base DNA/RNA code

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53
Q

anticodon

A

3 nt on tRNA that bind to mRNA

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54
Q

Cytoplasmic proteins

A

made on free ribosomes

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55
Q

Made on ribosomes bound to rough ER

A

secreted, membrane, and certain organelle proteins

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56
Q

which part of the ribosome forms the peptide bond

A

rRNA

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57
Q

Cyclin proteins

A

promote cell cycle

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58
Q

Tumor suppressor protein

A

Stop cell cycle, p53

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59
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Growth: increase cell size

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60
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Growth: increase number of cells

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61
Q

Necrosis

A

pathological cell death (disease, injury)

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62
Q

6 Cancer characteristics

A
  1. Genetically abnormal
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Immortal
  4. Dedifferentiation
  5. Invasiveness
  6. Angiogenesis (induce blood vessels to grow towards it)
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63
Q

How do cells become cancerous?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Chemical carcinogens
  3. Radiation
  4. Viruses
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64
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

normal gene that promotes cell survival/proliferation

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65
Q

Oncogene

A

mutated gene that over stimulates cell division

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66
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer cells enter blood or tissue fluids and travel to other parts of the body

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67
Q

Meiosis 1st Division

A

Crossing over/Genetic diversity

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67
Q

Substrate

A

Starting material

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67
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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68
Q

Enzyme active site

A

pocket where substrates bind

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68
Q

5 factors which affect enzyme activity

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. Cofactors and coenzymes
  4. Concentration of substrates & enzymes
  5. Inhibitors
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69
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic molecules such as metal ions

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70
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecules derived from vitamins

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71
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Inhibits by binding to site other than active site.
Stops overproduction

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72
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of large molecules, releases energy

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73
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of large molecules, requires energy

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74
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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75
Q

Process which converts lactic acid to glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

76
Q

Enzyme that makes ATP

A

ATP Synthase

77
Q

Glycogenesis

A

production of glycogen from glucose

78
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

hydrolysis of glycogen to produce glucose-6-P

79
Q

Insulin

A

Promotes glycogenesis

80
Q

Glucagon

A

Promotes glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

81
Q

Epinephrine

A

Promotes glycogenolysis

82
Q

Lipolysis

A

hydrolysis of fat.
Over 300 ATPs from 1 triglyceride

83
Q

Amino Acid Production #

A

20 amino acids, 9 essential

84
Q

Transamination

A

transfer of amine group from one aa to another

85
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

Removal of amine group from amino acid. Product enters Krebs cycle

86
Q

Main energy source: Brain, liver, muscle

A

Brain: Glucose
Everything else: Fatty acids

87
Q

Where are Osmoreceptors?

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

What part of brain is the integrator in the thirst process?

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Na/K pump quantities

A

pumps out 3 Na+
pumps in 2 K+

90
Q

Which ion is concentrated in the cell at RMP?

A

K+

91
Q

Causes of RMP

A
  1. Difference in ion concentration (Na/K pumps)
  2. Difference in permeability of membrane to Na/K/Others
  3. Presence of fixed anions inside cell
92
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

93
Q

PNS

A

Motor and Sensory nerves

94
Q

Ganglion

A

Clusters of cell bodies in PNS

95
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of cell bodies in PNS

96
Q

Dendrites

A

thin branched extensions of cytoplasm

97
Q

Collateral axons

A

side branches

98
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Sensory. Receptor to CNS

99
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

Motor. CNS to effector

100
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscle

101
Q

Autonomic motor neurons

A

innervate involuntary effectors

102
Q

Interneurons

A

located in CNS and interconnect neurons in CNS

103
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supporting cells

104
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS.
Form sheath around axons

105
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia of PNS

106
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between adjacent schwann cells

107
Q

Oligodendrocytes (damged, what disease?)

A

CNS
form myelin sheath in CNS.
White matter in CNS
Diseased (MS)

108
Q

Ependymal cells

A

cavities of brain and central canal of spinal cord

109
Q

Microglia

A

Debris & Waste

110
Q

Astrocytes

A

Help regulate neuron’s external environment in CNS
BBB
K, NT, Glucose uptake

111
Q

When does absolute refractory period end?

A

when potential crosses the RMP line and goes into hyperpolarization

112
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

AP “leaps” from node to node in myelinated axon

113
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory synapses. moves closer to AP

114
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory synapse. moves further from AP

115
Q

Where is post synaptic potential summed

A

axon hillock

116
Q

Two types of ACh receptors

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

117
Q

Nicotinic ACh Receptors

A

Depolarization. EPSP
Large Na+ influx

118
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptor

A

K+ Flow (stop or grow)
G-Protein
EPSP or IPSP

119
Q

What removes ACh

A

Acetylcholine esterase

120
Q

ACh in Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Nicotinic

121
Q

ACh in parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

A

Muscarinic
Cardiac - inhibitory
Smooth Muscle - excitatory

122
Q

Loss of cholinergic neurons

A

Alzheimer’s

123
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates mood, behavior, appetite

124
Q

Norepinephrine

A

CNS - general behavioral arousal
PNS - Fight or flight

125
Q

What overstimulates norepinephrine system

A

amphetamines

126
Q

Where are dopamine neurons found?

A

Substantia nigra

127
Q

Degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons

A

Parkinsons

128
Q

Glutamic and Aspartic acids

A

Important for memory storage and learning
EPSPs
NMDA

129
Q

Glycine

A

IPSP
inhibit antagonistic muscle
Coordination

130
Q

What is most prevalent NT in brain

A

GABA

131
Q

What disease is deficiency in GABA neurons

A

Huntington’s disease

132
Q

GABA

A

Motor Control NT
Mood and Emotion

133
Q

Polypeptide NTs

A

Substance P
Endorphins
Endogenous Opioids

134
Q

Substance P

A

Involved in the perception of pain

135
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

NTs similar to THC
Lipids
Learning, memory, appetite

136
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

Many roles
In PNS, smooth muscle relaxation

137
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

Enzymes that degrades monoamines in presynaptic neuron

138
Q

Monoamine Removal

A

Reuptake by presynaptic neuron

139
Q

CNS Protection (4)

A

Cranium & vertebral column
Meninges
CSF
BBB

140
Q

Neural Crest

A

Becomes ganglia of PNS

141
Q

Neural Tube

A

Becomes CNS

142
Q

Forebrain Parts

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon

143
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher brain function. Sensory integration. Voluntary movement

144
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Grey matter deep within the cerebrum
Voluntary Movement
Inhibitory role

145
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Prefrontal Cortex
Primary motor Cortex
Broca’s Area

146
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Higher cognitive function

147
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

located in precentral gyrus
Voluntary motor control

148
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speaking ability
Left

149
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory
Contains somatosensory cortex (Post-central gyrus)
Proprioception

150
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Process visual input

151
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Auditory input
Involved in memory

152
Q

Insula Lobes

A

Located inside
memory, sensory, visceral integration

153
Q

Left Brain

A

Language
Math & Logic

154
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects hemispheres

155
Q

Why did they used to sever the corpus callosum?

A

To treat epilepsy

156
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Understanding written and spoken language
LEFT

157
Q

Aphasias

A

language disorders

158
Q

Diencephalon parts

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

159
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay Center
Sensory information passes on way to cerebrum

160
Q

Epithalamus

A

Choroid plexus - Produces CSF
Pineal Gland - Secretes melatonin

161
Q

Hypothalamus (1)

A

Works with limbic system to control emotion
Integrates many homeostatic functions

162
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates pituitary
Link between autonomic nervous and endocrine system
Neural center for hunger, thirst, temperature
Works with limbic system to control emotion
Integrates many homeostatic functions

163
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

164
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Visual reflexes

165
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Relay center for auditory information

166
Q

Red nucleus

A

Forms connections with cerebrum and cerebellum for motor coordination

167
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Forms connections with basal nuclei for motor coordination

168
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

169
Q

Pons

A

Helps control respiration rate

170
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor learning & coordination of movement

171
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Center for certain reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing

172
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Ascending arousal system connecting brain stem with thalamus and hypothalamus
Regulates sleep-wake transitions

173
Q

Emotion controlled by

A

Hypothalamus
Limbic system

174
Q

Declarative memory

A

Facts, names

175
Q

Procedural memory

A

Skills
Ride a bike

176
Q

Long term potentiation is where?

A

hippocampus

177
Q

Spinal Nerves Dorsal Root

A

Sensory fibers

178
Q

Spinal Nerves Ventral Root

A

Motor fibers

179
Q

Sympathetic ANS

A

Fight or flight

180
Q

Parasympathetic ANS

A

Rest & Digest

181
Q

Denervation (Somatic vs. Autonomic)

A

Somatic: Atrophy
Autonomic: function persists

182
Q

Dual innervation

A

Most visceral organs are innervated by Symp and Parasymp

183
Q

ANS

A

Controls involuntary functions

184
Q

P-ANS and S-ANS contain two neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron - cell body located in CNS
Post ganglionic neuron - cell body located in ganglia

185
Q

Mass activation

A

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons activated together

186
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland produce?

A

adrenaline

187
Q

4 organs without dual innervation

A

Adrenal medulla
Erector Pili
Sweat Glands
Most blood vessels

(Sympathetic neurons)

188
Q

Most direct control of ANS

A

Medulla oblongata

189
Q

Limbic system

A

control autonomic response to various emotional states

190
Q
A

Midterm (3 decks)

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