Phemenology

Question 1

Phenomenology

Answer 1

A description of signs and symptoms, it is an empathic assessment of subjective experience

Question 2

Illusion

Answer 2

A misperception of real external stimuli

Question 3

Hallucination

Answer 3

Perceptions occurring in the absence of an external physical stimulus

Question 4

Name 6 types of hallucinations

Answer 4

Auditory 
Visual 
Olfactory 
Gustatory 
Tactile 
Somatic (relating to the body e.g. bugs on body)

Question 5

What is a second person auditory hallucination?

Answer 5

You are a bad person
You are the next messiah
You are going to die

Question 6

What is a third person auditory halluncination?

Answer 6

Running commentary

Voices discussing/commenting

Question 7

What is a reflex hallucination?

Answer 7

A stimulus in one sensory modality produces a hallucination in another sense modality

“When you write, I cam hear you pressing on my heart”

Question 8

What is a pseudo-hallucination?

Answer 8

A perceptual experience which is different from a hallucination because it arises in the mind not through a sensory organ. Not under conscious control

Question 9

Define an over-valued idea

Answer 9

A false/exaggerated belief sustained beyond logic or reason but with less rigidity than a delusion

Question 10

Define delusion

Answer 10

A false, unshakeable idea or belief that is out of keeping with the patients educational, cultural and social background. It is held with extraordinary conviction and subjective uncertainty. Held WITHOUT insight

Question 11

Define persecutory delusion

Answer 11

An outside agent wants to cause the patient harm

- seen in schizophrenia

Question 12

Define a grandoise delusion

Answer 12

The patient has an inflated importance and self-esteem

Question 13

Define a self-referential delusion

Answer 13

A delusion in which the patient believes that unsuspicious occurrences refer to him or her in person. Patients may, for example, believe that certain news bulletins have a direct reference to them.

Question 14

Define a nihilistic delusion

Answer 14

The belief that oneself, a part of one’s body, or the real world does not exist or has been destroyed. The belief that they are already dead, or their bowels are rotting.

Question 15

Define a capgras delusion

Answer 15

The belief that a close relative or spouse has been replaced by an imposter

Question 16

Define a Fregoli delusion

Answer 16

The belief that various people seen are actually the same person in disguise

Question 17

Define an inter-metamorphosis delusion

Answer 17

The belief that people in the environment swap identities with each other whilst maintaining the same appearance

Question 18

Define a subjective double

Answer 18

The belief that there is a double of themselves that is carrying out independent actions

Question 19

Define delusion perception

Answer 19

A delusional belief resulting from a perception.
E.g. traffic lights turning red may be interpreted by the patient as the defining moment when they realised they were being monitored by the government.

Question 20

Difference between delusional perception vs delusions of reference

Answer 20

Delusional perception is to draw especial attention to the intimate relationship between a perception and a delusional experience of meaning. Delusions of reference is to draw especial attention to the way in which the content of the delusion refers explicitly to the patient.

Question 21

Define thought insertion

Answer 21

Delusion that certain of ones thoughts are not ones own thoughts but are inserted into ones mind. Emphasis on the thoughts being alien.

Question 22

Define thought withdrawal

Answer 22

The belief that thoughts have been stolen from ones mind by an entity

Question 23

Define thought broadcast

Answer 23

The delusion that ones thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others

Question 24

Delusion thought echo

Answer 24

A form of auditory hallucination in which the patient heard his thoughts spoken aloud either simultaneous with him thinking it or a moment or two after

Question 25

Define thought block

Answer 25

The sudden interruption in the train of thought leaving a blank

Question 26

Define concrete thinking

Answer 26

The lack of abstract thinking (normal in childhood) and can occur in adults with organic brain disease and schizophrenia

Question 27

Define loosening of association

Answer 27

There is a lack of logical association between succeeding thoughts which gives rise to incoherent speech without brain pathology. It is impossible to follow a patients thought processing.

Question 28

Define circumstantiality

Answer 28

Irrelevant wandering in conversation, talking at great length around a point

Question 29

Define pereservation

Answer 29

Repetition of a word, theme or action beyond what is relevant and appropriate

Question 30

Define confabulation

Answer 30

Giving a false account to fill a gap in memory

Question 31

Define somatic passivity

Answer 31

The delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency

Question 32

Define made:

• act
• feeling
• drive )

Answer 32

The object in question is experience or carried out by the person but it is considered as alien or imposed.
(Act) action/feeling
(Feeling) feeling/drive
(Drive) impulse

Question 33

Define catatonia

Answer 33

A state of excited or inhibited motor activity in the absence of a mood disorder or neurological disease.

Question 34

Define waxy flexibility

Answer 34

The patient’s limbs when moved feel like wax or lead pipe and remain in the position in which they are left. Found rarely in (catatonic) schizophrenia and structural brain disease.

Question 35

Define echolalia

Answer 35

Automatic repetition of words heard.

Question 36

Define echopraxia

Answer 36

An automatic repetition by the patient of movements made by the examiner.

Question 37

Define logoclonia

Answer 37

Repetition of the last syllable of a word

Question 38

Define negativism

Answer 38

Motiveless resistance to movement

Question 39

Define palilalia

Answer 39

Repetition of a word over and again with increasing frequency.

Question 40

Define verbigeration

Answer 40

Repetition of one or several sentences or strings of fragmented words, often in a rather monotonous tone.

Question 41

Define psychomotor retardation

Answer 41

Slowing of thoughts and movements to a variable degree. Can occur in depression but also Parkinsons.

Question 42

Define pressure of speech

Answer 42

A v rapid rate of delivery with a lot of associations that can be quite unusual and moves away from the original point of the conversation. HIGHLY SUGGESTIVE OF MANIA

Question 43

Define flight of ideas

Answer 43

Rapid skipping from one thought to distantly related ideas, the relation of these ideas are very tentative e.g. rhyming of different utterances

Question 44

Define anhedonia

Answer 44

The inability to experience pleasure from activites that are usually found to be enjoyable

Question 45

Define apathy

Answer 45

Lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern

Question 46

Define incongruity of affect

Answer 46

Emotional responses which seem grossly out of tune with the situation or subject being discussed.

Question 47

Define blunting of affect

Answer 47

An objective absence of normal emotional responses, without evidence of depression or psychomotor retardation.

Question 48

Define conversation

Answer 48

Unconscious mechanism of symptom formation, which operates in conversion hysteria, is the transposition of a psychological conflict into somatic symptoms which may be of a motor or sensory nature.

Question 49

Define Belle indifference

Answer 49

A lack of concern and/or feeling of indifference about a disability or symptom. Links to conversion.

Question 50

Define depersonalisation

Answer 50

A feeling of some change in the self, associated with a sense of detachment from one’s own body. Perception fails to awaken a feeling of reality, actions seem mechanical and the patient feels like an apathetic spectator of his own activities.

Question 51

Define derealisation

Answer 51

A sense of one’s surroundings lacking reality, often appearing dull, grey and lifeless.

Question 52

Define dissociation

Answer 52

An experience where a person may feel disconnected from himself and/or his surroundings

Question 53

Define mannerism

Answer 53

A sometimes bizarre elaboration of normal activities. (twirling hair when speaking in public)

Question 54

Define stereotyped behaviour

Answer 54

Uniform, repetitive non goal-directed actions (may take a variety of forms from simple movement to an utterance)

Question 55

Define obsession

Answer 55

A recurrent persistent thought, image, or impulse that enters consciousness unbidden, is recognised as being ones own and often remains despite efforts to resist.

Question 56

Define compulsion

Answer 56

A repetitive, apparently purposeful behaviour performed in a stereotyped way accompanied by a subjective sense that it must be carried out despite the recognition of its senselessness and often resistance by the patient. Recognised as morbid by the affected individual.

Question 57

Define akathisia

Answer 57

A condition marked by motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly or to sleep

Question 58

Define projection

Answer 58

A mechanism in which what is emotionally unacceptable in the self is unconsciously rejected and attributed (projected) to others. For example, mother may project their anxiety on their children claiming that they are anxious instead.

Question 59

Define transference

Answer 59

The redirection to a substitute, usually a therapist, of emotions that were originally felt in childhood