Pharmacology abstracts

Question 1

What was the objective of the study Pharmacokinetics of a commercially available product and a compounded formulation of extended-release levetiracetam after oral administration of a single dose in cats?

Answer 1

To compare pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in serum and CSF of cats after oral administration of extended-release levetiracetam.

Johnson et al
AJVR 2019

Question 2

What were the significant differences found between the commercially available and compounded ER levetiracetam formulations?

Johnson et al
AJVR 2019

Answer 2

• Cmax: 126 ± 33 μg/mL (commercial) vs 169 ± 51 μg/mL (compounded)
• Cmax corrected for dose: 0.83 ± 0.10 μg/mL/mg (commercial) vs 1.10 ± 0.28 μg/mL/mg (compounded)
• Time to Cmax: 5.1 ± 1.6 hours (commercial) vs 3.1 ± 1.5 hours (compounded).

Question 3

What was the half-life of the commercially available and compounded formulations of ER levetiracetam?

Johnson et al
AJVR 2019

Answer 3

• Commercially available: 4.3 ± 2.0 hours
• Compounded formulation: 5.0 ± 1.6 hours.

Question 4

What was the objective of the study evaluating cerebral blood flow in dogs treated with prednisolone?

Yamazaki et al
AJVR 2021

Answer 4

To examine whether glucocorticoid administration alters hippocampal cerebral blood flow or volume in dogs.

Question 5

What significant changes were observed in cerebral blood flow ratios after 21 days of prednisolone treatment?

Yamazaki et al
AJVR 2021

Answer 5

The ratios of CBF in the right hippocampus and right thalamus to that in the right cerebral cortex were significantly lower on day 21 compared to day 0.

Question 6

What was the objective of the study on cannabidiol (CBD) in dogs?

Vaughn et al
AJVR 2021

Answer 6

To determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of various doses of CBD versus placebo following repeated oral administration.

Question 7

What adverse effects were noted with the highest dose of CBD?

Vaughn et al
AJVR 2021

Answer 7

More gastrointestinal adverse events, mainly hypersalivation, and significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase activity.

Question 8

What was the conclusion regarding the repeated administration of CBD in dogs?

Vaughn et al
AJVR 2021

Answer 8

It led to dose-dependent increases in total systemic exposure to CBD and 24-hour trough plasma concentrations.

Question 9

What was assessed in the study on drug-drug interactions between cannabidiol and phenobarbital?

Doran et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 9

The pharmacokinetic interactions between CBD and phenobarbital when simultaneously administered to healthy dogs.

Question 10

What were the results regarding significant PK interactions between CBD and phenobarbital?

Doran et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 10

No significant PK interactions were found.

Question 11

What was the objective of the study on cytarabine infusion in dogs?

Mancini et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 11

To investigate the feasibility and pharmacokinetics of cytarabine delivery as a subcutaneous continuous-rate infusion.

Question 12

What was the rate of cytarabine infusion in the study?

Mancini et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 12

50 mg/m2/hour.

Question 13

What were the results regarding the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of cytarabine?

Mancini et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 13

7,510 ng/mL (range, 5,040 to 9,690 ng/mL).

Question 14

What was the clinical relevance of the cytarabine infusion study?

Mancini et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 14

An SC continuous-rate infusion of cytarabine via the Omnipod system is feasible in dogs.

Question 15

What was the objective of the cytarabine constant rate infusion study in dogs with lymphoma?

Guillen et al
AUS Vet J 2020

Answer 15

To evaluate the incidence and severity of toxicity of cytarabine CRI in dogs with high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Question 16

What were the reported rates of gastrointestinal toxicity in lymphoma patients receiving cytarabine CRI?

Guillen et al
AUS Vet J 2020

Answer 16

65.3% of dogs experienced gastrointestinal toxicity.

Question 17

What significant side effect was observed in dogs during the cytarabine CRI study?

Guillen et al
AUS Vet J 2020

Answer 17

Neutropenia occurred in 34.6% of dogs.

Question 18

What was the objective of the study on ondansetron for nausea in dogs with vestibular syndrome?

Foth et al
BMC Vet Res 2021

Answer 18

To assess the efficacy of ondansetron in reducing nausea associated with vestibular syndrome.

Question 19

What dosage of ondansetron was administered to the dogs in the study?

Foth et al
BMC Vet Res 2021

Answer 19

0.5 mg/kg i.v.

Question 20

What was the significant finding regarding nausea in dogs after ondansetron administration?

Foth et al
BMC Vet Res 2021

Answer 20

The intensity of nausea was significantly reduced in all dogs (p ≤ 0.0001) 2 hours after administration.

Question 21

What was the primary objective of the study comparing transdermal and oral phenobarbital in epileptic cats?

Heller et al
JFMS 2019

Answer 21

To compare serum phenobarbital concentrations, adverse events and client satisfaction during 14 weeks of administration.

Question 22

What was the median starting dosage of oral phenobarbital administered to cats?

Heller et al
JFMS 2019

Answer 22

3.8 mg/kg [2.0–5.4 mg/kg/day] q12h.

Question 23

What were the findings regarding serum phenobarbital concentrations during oral administration?

Heller et al
JFMS 2019

Answer 23

Median S-PB concentrations were 21 µg/ml at week 2 and 22 µg/ml at week 14.

Question 24

What was the significant correlation found in the phenobarbital study?

Heller et al
JFMS 2019

Answer 24

Phenobarbital concentrations were significantly correlated with PO dosage at week 2 (r = 0.75, P = 0.03).

Question 25

What was the prevalence of phenobarbitone-associated adverse effects in epileptic cats? ## Footnote Marsh et al JFMS 2021

Answer 25

47%.

Question 26

Which adverse effects were most common in cats treated with phenobarbitone? ## Footnote Marsh et al JFMS 2021

Answer 26

* Sedation (89%) * Ataxia (53%) * Polyphagia (22%) * Polydipsia (6%) * Polyuria (6%) * Anorexia (6%)

Question 27

What was the association between phenobarbitone dosage and adverse effects? ## Footnote Marsh et al JFMS 2021

Answer 27

For each 1 mg/kg q12h increment, the likelihood of adverse effects increased 3.1 times.

Question 28

What was the conclusion regarding the effect of phenobarbital on serum biochemistry in cats? ## Footnote Hermans et al JFMS 2022

Answer 28

PB administration did not result in hepatic enzyme induction or other biochemical abnormalities.

Question 29

What was the aim of the study on gabapentin's effect on neurological examination in cats? ## Footnote Azevedo et al JFMS 2023

Answer 29

To evaluate the influence of a preappointment oral dose of gabapentin.

Question 30

What were the significant effects of gabapentin on gait and postural reactions in cats? ## Footnote Azevedo et al JFMS 2023

Answer 30

* Proprioceptive ataxia in 23.5% of gabapentin group * Paw placement deficits in 90.9% * Tactile placement deficits in 76.5% * Hopping deficits in 29.4% * Abnormalities on wheelbarrowing in 29.4%

Question 31

What is neuropathic pain characterized by? ## Footnote Rusbridge JFMS 2024

Answer 31

Aberrant processing of sensory signals within the nervous system.

Question 32

What should support the clinical suspicion of neuropathic pain? ## Footnote Rusbridge JFMS 2024

Answer 32

Confirmation of a lesion at the neurolocalisation using diagnostics.

Question 33

What was the objective of the study on 5% lidocaine patches in dogs? ## Footnote Bravo et al JSAP 2019

Answer 33

To investigate the effect on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy.

Question 34

What was concluded about the effectiveness of 5% lidocaine patches in the study? ## Footnote Bravo et al JSAP 2019

Answer 34

They did not provide additional postoperative analgesia.

Question 35

What are the key characteristics of levetiracetam (LEV) as an antiepileptic drug? ## Footnote Mastrocco et al JVECC 2023

Answer 35

* Distinct mechanisms of action * Linear kinetics * Excellent oral bioavailability * Minimal drug–drug interactions

Question 36

What was the conclusion regarding the use of imepitoin for noise phobia in dogs? ## Footnote Engel et al JVIM 2019

Answer 36

Imepitoin effectively controls fear and anxiety associated with noise phobia.

Question 37

What is the effect of imepitoin on dogs with noise phobia? ## Footnote Engel et al JVIM 2019

Answer 37

Imepitoin effectively controls fear and anxiety associated with noise phobia in dogs. ## Footnote Odds ratio 4.689; P < .0001 indicates significant improvement.

Question 38

What is the purpose of the pharmacokinetic study of multivesicular liposomal encapsulated cytarabine in dogs? ## Footnote Vazquez Fuster et al JVIM 2020

Answer 38

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of liposomal cytarabine when administered subcutaneously in dogs. ## Footnote Prolonged cytotoxic concentrations are required for maximum efficacy.

Question 39

What was the maximum plasma concentration of liposomal cytarabine after subcutaneous administration? ## Footnote Vazquez Fuster et al JVIM 2020

Answer 39

26.3 to 59.78 ng/mL. ## Footnote Time to reach maximum plasma concentration was 2 hours.

Question 40

What was the plasma bioavailability of liposomal cytarabine in the study? ## Footnote Vazquez Fuster et al JVIM 2020

Answer 40

19.6% to 31.3%. ## Footnote Indicates limited absorption and effectiveness.

Question 41

What was the primary hypothesis of the imepitoin study for idiopathic head tremor syndrome? ## Footnote Schneider et al JVIM 2020

Answer 41

A drug with gamma amino butyric acid-ergic and anxiolytic effects will decrease head tremor episodes.

Question 42

What was the responder rate in the imepitoin group for idiopathic head tremor syndrome? ## Footnote Schneider et al JVIM 2020

Answer 42

17% (2/12). ## Footnote No responders in the placebo group.

Question 43

What was the conclusion of the imepitoin study on idiopathic head tremor syndrome? ## Footnote Schneider et al JVIM 2020

Answer 43

Imepitoin did not result in a significant overall benefit.

Question 44

What was the objective of the ondansetron study in dogs with vestibular disease? ## Footnote Henze et al JVIM 2022

Answer 44

To assess the effect of ondansetron on behavior suggestive of nausea in dogs with vestibular syndrome.

Question 45

How did ondansetron affect clinical signs of nausea in dogs? ## Footnote Henze et al JVIM 2022

Answer 45

Clinical resolution of nausea was observed 1 hour after administration of ondansetron.

Question 46

What was the primary outcome of the clinical trial comparing fentanyl and ketamine-dexmedetomidine analgesia? ## Footnote Lovell et al JVIM 2022

Answer 46

Time to recovery of ambulation in dogs undergoing spinal surgery.

Question 47

Was there a significant difference in pain scores between fentanyl and ketamine-dexmedetomidine groups? ## Footnote Lovell et al JVIM 2022

Answer 47

No significant difference was found.

Question 48

What was the conclusion regarding the use of omeprazole in dogs treated for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion? ## Footnote Mehra et al JVIM 2023

Answer 48

Short-term prophylactic omeprazole treatment did not decrease clinically detectable GI complications.

Question 49

What was the dosage of cannabidiol (CBD) used in the study for drug-resistant idiopathic epilepsy? ## Footnote Rozental et al JVIM 2023

Answer 49

9 mg/kg/day.

Question 50

What was the significant finding regarding seizure frequency when using CBD? ## Footnote Rozental et al JVIM 2023

Answer 50

A 24.1% decrease in seizure days occurred in dogs receiving CBD compared to placebo.

Question 51

What was the primary aim of the pregabalin study for neuropathic pain in dogs? ## Footnote Sanchis-Mara et al Vet J 2019

Answer 51

To evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin for neuropathic pain due to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia.

Question 52

What were the results of daily NRS scores in the pregabalin group compared to placebo? ## Footnote Sanchis-Mara et al Vet J 2019

Answer 52

Lower NRS scores in the pregabalin group (P = 0.006).

Question 53

What was the goal of the retrospective study on prazosin and diazepam? ## Footnote Barnes et al Vet J 2019

Answer 53

To evaluate differences in hospitalization length, urinary continence levels, and bacteriuria development.

Question 54

What medications were analyzed for their effect on urethral sphincter relaxation in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy? ## Footnote Barnes et al Vet J 2019

Answer 54

Prazosin, diazepam, or both ## Footnote These medications were considered to assess their impact on hospitalization and urinary continence.

Question 55

What were the findings regarding the association between prazosin/diazepam administration and length of hospitalization? ## Footnote Barnes et al Vet J 2019

Answer 55

No significant associations (P > 0.05) ## Footnote This indicates that these medications did not affect the length of hospitalization or urinary continence scores.

Question 56

What was the purpose of the study by McFadzean et al regarding bupivacaine infiltration? ## Footnote McFadzean et al Vet J 2020

Answer 56

To investigate its influence on peri-operative opioid requirement in dogs undergoing thoraco-lumbar hemilaminectomy ## Footnote Different groups received bupivacaine infiltration at different times.

Question 57

What were the results regarding intra-operative analgesic interventions in Group A? ## Footnote McFadzean et al Vet J 2020

Answer 57

Significantly lower than in Group B and Group C (P = 0.019) ## Footnote Group A received bupivacaine infiltration before surgery.

Question 58

What was the primary finding regarding the total analgesic interventions among the groups? ## Footnote McFadzean et al Vet J 2020

Answer 58

Group A had significantly fewer total analgesic interventions than Groups B and C (P = 0.014) ## Footnote This highlights the efficacy of pre-surgical bupivacaine infiltration.

Question 59

What challenges do veterinarians face regarding the prescription of cannabinoids? ## Footnote Potschka et al Vet J 2022

Answer 59

Paucity of sound scientific studies ## Footnote This limits the ability to prescribe cannabinoids effectively.

Question 60

How does administering CBD with food affect its bioavailability? ## Footnote Potschka et al Vet J 2022

Answer 60

Enhances bioavailability ## Footnote This has been shown in dogs, rats, and humans.

Question 61

What was a notable finding from the clinical trials on CBD in dogs with epilepsy? ## Footnote Potschka et al Vet J 2022

Answer 61

No significant difference was noted in another trial.One trial showed a ≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency in six of 14 dogs during the treatment phase.

Question 62

What were the effects of propofol, alfaxalone, and isoflurane on cerebral blood flow in dogs? ## Footnote Bini et al Vet J 2023

Answer 62

Alfaxalone maintained lower cerebral blood flow than isoflurane ## Footnote This was demonstrated through a randomized crossover trial.

Question 63

What significant difference was observed in hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity between alfaxalone and isoflurane? ## Footnote Bini et al Vet J 2023

Answer 63

Alfaxalone had significantly higher reactivity (P = 0.016) ## Footnote This suggests a difference in how these anesthetics affect cerebrovascular responses.

Question 64

What was the objective of the study on Pexion® (imepitoin) for storm anxiety in dogs? ## Footnote Perdew et al Vet Rec 2021

Answer 64

To assess its effectiveness in treating storm anxiety ## Footnote Storm anxiety is considered more complex than typical noise aversion.

Question 65

What were the results of the imepitoin treatment compared to placebo? ## Footnote Perdew et al Vet Rec 2021

Answer 65

Imepitoin was significantly superior in reducing anxiety scores ## Footnote Owners reported a reduction in fear and anxiety during storms.

Question 66

What was the effect of pregabalin on pain levels in the treatment group? ## Footnote Schmierer et al Vet Surg 2020

Answer 66

Reduced pain levels by a mean of 2.5 CMPS-SF units (P < .001) ## Footnote This indicates a significant analgesic effect of pregabalin.

Question 67

What was the mean level of serum pregabalin at 24 hours postoperatively? ## Footnote Schmierer et al Vet Surg 2020

Answer 67

5.1 μg/mL ## Footnote Serum concentrations were measured at multiple time points.