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Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what two ways can you assess personality?

A

Idiographic and Nomothetic approaches

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2
Q

idiographic Approach to psychology

A
  • This is an individualized approach because it is focused on the person’s own understanding of themselves.
  • In this approach we cannot use the same descriptors for everyone as it is a narrative approach
  • humanistic perspective
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3
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A
  • Describes people using common words and uses the same words to describe different people but in a unique combinations
  • This includes projective measures like the Rorschach inkblot
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4
Q

Projective measures

A

measuring someone’s personality if we present them with ambiguous stimuli and they will project some of themself on these tests

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5
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

A

Concerned with understanding why someone is the way they are and describes how the self develops

Freud is concerned with the unconscious influence on personality

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6
Q

ID

A

unconscious mind
- pleasure principle
- self-focused and innate/primitive part that is concerned with immediate gratification

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7
Q

Superego

A

-preconscious (outside awareness but accessible)- pulling from long-term memory
- develops as we grow and interact
-concerned with we are supposed to behave
- moral principles

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8
Q

Ego

A

-preconsciou
-Mediator between the Id and superego
- reality principle
- this inner battling can lead to anxiety and conflictions
-looks at the best possible option

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9
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  • cognitive processes that protect us from these mental battles
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10
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • proposed the first distinctions between introverts and extroverts
  • thought of the collective unconscious
  • he had an analytical psychological approach where the personal and collective unconscious battled
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11
Q

collective unconscious

A

why we see a lot of similarities in cultural stories among groups that have no way of contacting one another

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12
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • feminist psychology
  • countered the idea that women have a weaker superego
  • emphasize looks at societal/external factors that influence issues
  • she was the first to propose the idea of self-help give people the tools they need to help themselves
  • emphasis on cultural and social conditions as a determinant of personality
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13
Q

What do behaviourist believe personality is dependent on?

A

They believe personality relies on what behaviours have been reinforced

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14
Q

Humanistic Approach to Psychology

A

interested in asking where personality comes from
-took issue with freud’s focus on abnormal behaviour and how behaviourists used animal models and related them to humans
- The humanistic approach helped people reach their full potential

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15
Q

Self-actualization

A

-proposed by abraham maslow
- interested in how people reach their full potential and the desire to become the best we can

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16
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • Person-centered approach
  • emphasis on idiographic approach to personality
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17
Q

Phenomenology

A
  • importance of understanding people’s experience from their first-hand interpretations
18
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

importance of treating people as always good
- self-actualization will be more likely to occur with this way of thinking

19
Q

What are the main criterias of how therapists should be according to the humanistic approach

A

Empathetic: understanding of people’s feelings and validating them

Congruence: therapists being genuine

Unconditional positive regard

20
Q

Self-concept

A

the organized consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
-major overlap between the self-image and the ideal-self
-

21
Q

What leads to self-discrepancies

A

When there is little overlap between the self-image and ideal self, self-discrepancies can appear and anxiety and depression may become present

22
Q

Self

A

Totality of the individual
consists of all characteristics attributes, conscious and unconscious, mental and physical

23
Q

Self-construal

A

the extent to which the self is defined independently of others or interdependently with others

24
Q

Western ideas of the self

A
  • independent self-construals
  • thinking about yourself away from other people
  • your characteristics are independent of circumstances and don’t change depending on who you are around
25
Q

Non-western ideas of the self

A

interdependent self-construals
- thinking about yourself as a part of a social network

26
Q

Who is associated with social-cognitive approaches to personality

A

Albert Bandura

27
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

personal factors- environmental, behaviour

28
Q

Self-efficacy

A
  • how confident we are that we will be successful in a domain
  • key belief that may influence our behaviours
29
Q

What influences self-efficacy

A

Social persuasion: feedback
vicarious experience: performance of others
Performance experience (biggest impact)
Imaginal experience (imagine yourself doing well/poor in a domain)
Physical and emotional states (feeling nervous/excited affects how well you do in a situation

30
Q

Locus of control

A

Developed by Julian Rotter
- the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcomes in their life

31
Q

Internal locus of control

A

belief that one has complete control over the things that happen in life

32
Q

External locus of control

A

belief that things happen as a result of chance

33
Q

Self-Regulation

A

describes behaviour we engage in to achieve some long-term goal

34
Q

Self-control

A

The choice we make to do these small things

35
Q

What is the main distinction between self control and regulation

A

S.R occurs in situations where we do small things to achieve our long term goals
S.C is the choice to do these small things

36
Q

If-Then behaviour profiles

A

variability in how people behave across different circumstances
there is some consistency because people will consistently behave a particular way in specific situations

37
Q

Trait approach to personality

A

Descriptive approach
cares less about the why and more about the what

38
Q

Personality trait

A

a characteristic
- looks at 1 particular characteristic
-tendency to act in a certain way over time

39
Q

Personality type

A

-amalgamation of these different personality traits that form a personality type

40
Q

Factor Analysis

A

used to develop different models of personality
- it is a method used to narrow down a variety of factors to a few

41
Q

Big Five Theory

A

Openness (tendency to be open to new things)
Conscientiousness (hard-working, responsible, organized)
Extraversion (orientation of one’s interest and energies to the outer world)
Agreeablenes (tendency to act selflessly)
Neuroticism (chronical level of emotional instability)

Psychology (11 decks)

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