Pathology

Question 1

What is a syndrome?

Answer 1

A group of developmental abnormalities/symptoms that are believed to be pathologically related?

Question 2

What is a malformation?

Answer 2

Error in morphogenesis, a malformation is usually multifactorial

Question 3

What is a deformation?

Answer 3

An extrinsic disturbance of development by biochemical factors

Question 4

What is a sequence when considering genetic conditions?

Answer 4

A pattern of cascade anomalies explained by a single localised initiating event with secondary defects in other organs

Question 5

What are secondary defects or disruptions?

Answer 5

A secondary disruption of a previously normal organ or body region.

Question 6

Define disease in a medical context.

Answer 6

A physiological or psychological dysfunction

Question 7

Define illness in a medical context.

Answer 7

the subjective state of the individual who is aware they are not well as a result of the functional consequences of disease

Question 8

Define sickness in a medical context.

Answer 8

state of social dysfunction that the individual assumes as a result of being ill

Question 9

Define aetiology.

Answer 9

the cause of disease.

Question 10

Define pathogenesis.

Answer 10

The sequence of events by which the cause or
causes produce the disease

Question 11

What are molecular and morphological changes in disease?

Answer 11

biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body by the disease process

Question 12

Define clinical manifestations in relation to disease.

Answer 12

functional consequences of the biochemical and structural changes

Question 13

Define epidemiology.

Answer 13

study of patterns of disease

Question 14

Define hypertrophy.

Answer 14

an increase in the size of the cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

Question 15

Define hyperplasia

Answer 15

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the mass of the organ or tissue

Question 16

Define atrophy

Answer 16

a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

Question 17

Define metaplasia

Answer 17

the replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell

Question 18

Define dysplasia

Answer 18

disordered growth - a step in the development of cancer

Question 19

Define necrosis

Answer 19

Severe damage to the membranes allows lysozymes to leak into the cytoplasm and digest the cell. The cellular contents leak
out.

Membrane disintegration, do not remain intact.
Causes inflammation.

Question 20

Define apoptosis

Answer 20

Programmed cell death - if DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair, the cells
initiates a programmed self-destruction in which there is dissolution of the nucleus and fragmentation of the cell without loss of membrane integrity.

Cell blebbing/swelling but the membrane does not break down.
No inflammation.

Question 21

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 21

formation of Atheros in the blood vessels, endothelium interacts to macrophages, which eat cholesterol become foam cells that aggregate – causes turbulent blood flow, further damage, have a tendency to rupture – causes thrombosis

Question 22

Define thrombosis

Answer 22

tendency to form clots – normal process but can cause blood clots where/when we do not want, interrupts blood flow

Question 23

Define neoplasia

Answer 23

abnormal uncontrolled cell growth - can be benign or malignant