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INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY AND THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE > PATHOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGICAL LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE PATHOLOGY

A

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF DISEASE PROCESSES

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2
Q

WHAT CONSIST ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY

A
  1. MORBID/POSTMORTEM ANATOMY
  2. SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
  3. CYTOLOGY
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3
Q

WHAT IS MORBID ANATOMY

A

AKA POSTMORTEM ANATOMY

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4
Q

WHAT IS SURGICAL PATHOLOGY

A

STUDY OF TISSUES REMOVED AT SURGICAL OPERATION

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5
Q

WHAT IS CYTOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS OBTAINED FROM A PATIENT

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6
Q

WHAT IS CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY OF BODY FLUID SAND TISSUES

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7
Q

WHAT IS HEMATOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF BLOOD AND ITS PROPERTIES

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8
Q

WHAT IS IMMUNOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF IMMUNITY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY AND THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES

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9
Q

WHAT DOES MICROBIOLOGY ENTAIL

A
  1. BACTERIOLOGY
  2. VIROLOGY
  3. MYCOLOGY
  4. PARASITOLOGY
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10
Q

WHAT IS BACTERIOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF BACTERIA THAT CAUSE DISEASE

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11
Q

WHAT IS VIROLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF VIRUSES

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12
Q

WHAT IS MYCOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF FUNGI

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13
Q

WHAT IS PARASITOLOGY

A

THE STUDY OF PARASITES

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14
Q

WHAT IS EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY

A

AN OBSERVATION OF THE CHANGES IN VISUAL APPEARANCE OF CELLS,TISSUES OR ORGANS AND THE ALTERATIONS IN FUNCTION WHICH ACCOMPANY THE CHANGES SEEN IS MADE. A HYPOTHESIS IS THEN FORMED AND AN EXPERIMENT CAN BE CONDUCTED PROVE OR REFUTE THE HYPOTHESIS

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15
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WAYS IN WHICH OBSERVATIONS CAN BE MADE

A
  1. PATIENT
  2. ORGANS AT SURGERY OR POSTMORTEM
  3. LIGHT MICROSCOPE
  4. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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16
Q

WHAT IS THE MAGNIFYING POWER OF A LIGHT MISCROSCOPE

A

X1000

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE MAGNIFYING POWER OF AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

A

X50000

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18
Q

OUR VIEWS OF THE PATIENT ARE LIMITED IN SPACE AND TIME. ELABORATE

A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS AT VERY HIGH MAGNIFICATIONS ARE ONLY IN 2 DIMENSIONS AND REPRESENTS ONLY A VERY SMALL POTION OF TISSUE. HENCE THERE IS A POSSIBILITY FOR SAMPLING ERROR.

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19
Q

A DISEASE IS NOT A STATIC CONDITION BUT

A

A DYNAMIC AND CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING SERIES OF CONDITIONS. IE IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW THE CHANGES THAT OCCUR AT EVERY STAGE OF THE DISEASE. FROM THIS KNOWLEDGE A DIAGNOSIS CAN BE MADE FROM WHAT HAS GONE BEFORE AND THE FUTURE CAN BE PREDICTED AND A PROGNOSIS GIVEN. HENCE WHEN A SPECIMEN FROM A SICK PATIENT IS EXAMINED IT SHOULD BE REMEMBERED THAT WHAT IS SEEN REPRESENTS ONLY ONE FRAME FROM A MOVING PICTURE.

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20
Q

DEFINE THE DISEASE

A

A CONDITION OF THE ORGANISM WHICH LIMITS IT LIFE IN EITHER ITS POWERS, ENJOYMENT OR DURATION (WHO)

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21
Q

DIAGNOSIS

A

THE IDENTIFICATION OF A DISEASE PROCESS

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22
Q

PROGNOSIS

A

A FORECAST OF THE COURSE OF DISEASE VIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF THE PATIENT’S SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

23
Q

AETIOLOGY

A

DESCRIBES THESE THREE CONCEPTS
1. THE CAUSE OR ORIGIN OF DISEASE
2. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
3. THE TRANSMISSION: THE MEANS BY WHICH THE PATIENT BECOMES EXPOSED TO THE CAUSATIVE AGENT

24
Q

PATHOGENESIS

A

THE MECHANISM IN WHICH A PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION IS PRODUCED IE THE MECHANISM OF DEVELOPMENT OF A DISEASE STATE

25
Q

THREE STEPS IN DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE

A
  1. PHYSIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: WHERE DISORDER OF FUNCTION IS NOTICED. WHAT IS THE TROUBLE?
  2. ANATOMICAL LOCALIZATION: LOCALIZING THE SYMPTOMS AND FINDING THE SEAT OF THE DISEASE
  3. PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: THE ACTUAL NATURE OF THE DISEASE
26
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

A

WHERE THE DISORDER OF FUNCTION IS NOTICED

PATIENT COMPLAINS OF SYMPTOMS

THE DOCTOR ASKS THE PATIENT : WHAT IS TROUBLING YOU/WHAT IS THE MATTER?

27
Q

ANATOMICAL DIAGNOSIS

A

STRUCTURE ALTERED: IE WHAT IS THE SEAT OF THE DISEASE

DOCTOR FINDS SIGNS

THE QUESTION ANSWERED IS WHERE IS THE TROUBLE?

28
Q

PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

A

DETERMINES THE ACTUAL NATURE OF THE DISEASE: DISEASE PROCESS IDENTIFIED

PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

WHY? AND HOW?

29
Q

CLASSIFY DISEASE INTO VAIOUS GROUPS ACCORDING TO AETIOLOGY

A
  1. CONGENITAL
  2. ACQUIRED
30
Q

WHAT IS CONGENITAL DISEASE

A

A CONDITION WHICH IS PRESENT AT BIRHT

31
Q

TWO FORMS OF CONGENITAL DISEASE

A
  1. INHERITED: TRANSMITTED BY GENES
  2. ACQUIRED DURING INTRAUTERINE LIFE
32
Q

OF INHERITED TYPE OF CONGENITAL DISEASE

A

ARE TRANSMITTED BY GENES

EVEN THOUGH THE TENDENCY TO DISEASE IS PRESENT AT BIRTH, THE ACTUAL MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE MAY NOT OCCUR UNTIL ADULT LIFE

33
Q

NAME THE CATEGORIES WITHIN THE ACQUIRED DISEASES

A
  1. INJURY
  2. INTOXICATION
  3. INFECTION
    IE THE THREE I’S
  4. DEFICIENCY DISEASES
  5. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
  6. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
  7. METABOLIC DISEASES
  8. ENDOCRINE DISEASE
  9. IMMUNE DISEASES
  10. PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES
34
Q

NAME THE CATEGORIES WITHIN THE ACQUIRED DISEASES

A
  1. INJURY
  2. INTOXICATION
  3. INFECTION
    IE THE THREE I’S
  4. DEFICIENCY DISEASES
  5. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
  6. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
  7. METABOLIC DISEASES
  8. ENDOCRINE DISEASE
  9. IMMUNE DISEASES
  10. PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES
35
Q

INTOXICATION

A

EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE AND EFFECTS OF OTHER DRUGS AND CHEMICALS ON THE BODY

36
Q

SCURVY

A

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

37
Q

HISTORY OF SCURVY

A

USED TO OCCUR IN SAILORS WHO SPENT LONG PERIODS AT SEA LIVING ON PRESERVED FOODS AND TOTALLY DEPRIVED OF FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

38
Q

NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

A

CHARACTERIZED BY THE OVERGROWTH OF TISSUES LOCALLY, CAUSING TUMORS

NEOPLASIA MEANS NEW GROWTH

39
Q

CANCER

A

MALIGNANT TUMOR WHICH, IF UNTREATED, CAN SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND KILL THE SUFFERER

40
Q

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

A

CAN AFFECT MANY PARTS OF THE BODY BUT PARTICULARLY THE ARTERIES AND THE JOINTS. FOR EXAMPLE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS

41
Q

METABOLIC DISEASE

A

OCCUR WHERE THERE IS DISTURBANCE OF BODY’S NORMAL METABOLIC PROCESSES FOR EXAMPLE

  1. DIABETES
  2. GOUT
42
Q

ENDOCRINE DISEASES

A

CHARACTERIZED BY THE OVERACTIVITY (HYPER-FUNCTION) OR HYPOFUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS. FOR EXAMPLE

  1. THYROTOXICOSIS: OVERACTIVITY OF THE THYROID GLAND
43
Q

IMMUNE DISEASES

A

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WHICH RESPONDS TO FOREIGN SUBSTANCES OR ANTIGENS AND MAKES PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES MAY GO WRONG IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS

  1. HYPERSENSITIVITY: AN EXCESSIVE RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS
  2. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE: THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES TO THE BODY’S OWN TISSUES
  3. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY: MAY BE AS A RESULT OF CERTAIN DRUGS EG CHEMOTHERAPY, IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS EG TNF -a INHIBITORS AND SOME DISEASE STATES SUCH AS HIV
44
Q

AUTOPSY

A

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION THAT TRY TO DEMONSTRATE ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN RELATIONSHIP TO DISEASE.

WITH THE INVENTION OF THE MICROSCOPE. MORE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS BECAME POSSIBLE.

45
Q

VIRCHOW (1821-1905)

A

HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY

FOUNDED THE SCIENCE OF HISTOPATHOLOGY/TISSUE PATHOLOGY

46
Q

PASTEUR

A

WAS USING THE MICROSCOPE TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

ESTABLISHED THE SCIENCE OF BACTERIOLOGY

47
Q

GROSS EXAMINATION

A

EXAMINATION OF THE BODY OR TISSUES WITH AN UNAIDED EYE

48
Q

OUTLINE THE STEPS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPY

A
  1. TISSUES ARE FIXED IN FORMALIN OR ANY OTHER FIXATIVE
  2. TISSUES ARE DEHYDRATED
  3. THEN THEY ARE EMBEDDED IN PARAFFIN WAX
  4. VERY THIN SECTIONS (5Ų) ARE CUT
  5. THE SECTIONS ARE STAINED WITH HEMATOXYLIN EOSIN STAIN FOR EXAMPLE AND VIEWED BY THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
49
Q

HEMATOXYLIN STAIN WHICH PART OF THE CELL

A

NECLEI: BLUE

50
Q

EOSIN STAINS WHICH PART OF THE CELL

A

CYTOPLASM: RED

51
Q

MOST PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES CAN BE MADE USING

A

SPECIAL STAINS TO DEMONSTRATE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES OR STRUCTURES

52
Q

IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

A

SPECIFIC/MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES CAN BE LABELLED WITH A DYE OR AN ENZYME WHICH ALLOWS FOR RECOGNITION OF SPECIAL ANTIGENS OR CELLS MARKERS IN OR ON CELLS

53
Q

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE BENEFITS

A

PERMITS PATHOLOGISTS TO IDENTIFY VERY SMALL STRUCTURES WITHIN CELLS AND TISSUES HENCE AIDS :

  1. DIAGNOSIS OF UNUSUAL OR POORLY DIFFERENTIATED TUMORS
  2. THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL BIOPSIES AND MYOCARDIAL BIOSPIES

INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY AND THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE (2 decks)

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