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PHM 508 > Patho of ANS Pt:2 > Flashcards

Patho of ANS Pt:2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the amount of light controlled to reach the retina?

A

Through the Iris, controlled by circular (sphincter) muscle and radial muscle.

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2
Q

How is focus adjusted for distance?

A

Through the lens, controlled by the ciliary muscle.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Iris?

A

Controls the diameter and size of the pupil, regulating light entry into the eye.

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4
Q

What is the function of the Lens?

A

Helps focus light and images on the retina, adjusting shape for near or far vision.

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5
Q

What muscle causes miosis (pupil constriction)?

A

Circular (sphincter) muscle under parasympathetic control.

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6
Q

What muscle causes mydriasis (pupil dilation)?

A

Radial muscle under sympathetic control.

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7
Q

What happens to the lens during near vision?

A

The lens becomes thicker for focusing on close objects.

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8
Q

What happens to the lens during far vision?

A

The lens becomes thinner to focus on distant objects.

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to the lens and pupil?

A

Lens bulges (near vision), pupil constricts (miosis).

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to the lens and pupil?

A

Lens flattens (far vision), pupil dilates (mydriasis).

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic system control in the iris?

A

Radial muscle, releasing NE to cause mydriasis.

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic system control in the iris?

A

Circular (sphincter) muscle, releasing Ach to cause miosis.

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13
Q

What effect do belladonna drops have on the eye?

A

They dilate the pupil by blocking parasympathetic activity causing mydriasis.

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14
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

High intraocular pressure (IOP) due to imbalance in aqueous humor production and drainage.

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15
Q

What are the two main types of glaucoma?

A

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG)

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16
Q

How is IOP regulated?

A

By the balance of aqueous humor production and drainage through the trabecular meshwork.

17
Q

What is the role of aqueous humor in the eye?

A

It supplies nutrients to the cornea, maintains shape (curvature of the cornea), and bends light for focusing.

18
Q

What happens when IOP is too high?

A

It can lead to optic nerve damage and glaucoma, causing irreversible blindeness.

19
Q

How does the parasympathetic sympathetic system affect aqueous humor drainage?

A

Increases drainage by contracting the ciliary muscle, reducing IOP.

20
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect aqueous humor production?

A

Increases production through beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which can raise IOP.

21
Q

What causes open-angle glaucoma (OAG)?

A

Increasing IOP due to abnormal outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork, leading to optic nerve damage.

22
Q

What causes angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Occlusion of the anterior chamber angle by the iris, often due to anatomical/structural abnormality.

23
Q

What are the main pharmacological treatments for glaucoma?

A

Beta-blockers, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and cholinergic agonists.

24
Q

What is a medical procedure for angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Laser peripheral iridotomy to bypass the pupillary block.

25
Q

What happens during pharmacological dilation of the pupil?

A

Cholinomimetics mimic Ach, causing miosis or pupil constriction. The radial muscle remains relaxed.

26
Q

What is Horner syndrome?

A

A disruption in the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye, leading to miosis, ptosis, and facial anhidrosis.

27
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cloudy lens, leading to blurry vision, often due to aging, injury, or genetic defects.

28
Q

What is the primary treatment for cataracts?

A

Surgical removal of the cloudy lens.

29
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness, especially in the eyelids (ptosis) and extraocular muscles.

30
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Autoimmune antibodies block nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle, impairing muscle contraction.

31
Q

What is Dysautonomia?

A

A disorder of the ANS, leading to imbalance in parasympathetic and sympathetic functions.

32
Q

What are common forms of Dysautomonia?

A

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), Neurocardiogenic Syncope (NCS), Autonomic neuropathy.

33
Q

What is the treatment for POTS?

A

Beta-blockers, steroids, and Ivabradine to manage heart rate and blood pressure.

PHM 508 (2 decks)

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