Pastest - Easy

Question 1

how do you calculate CURB65?

Answer 1

Confusion
Urea >7mmol/l
Respiratory rate > 30 breaths/minute 
Blood pressure - systolic <90mmhg, diastolic <60mmhg 
age >65 years

Question 2

how would you treat streptococcus pneumonia in CAP?

Answer 2

oral amoxicillin

Question 3

what are unilateral pleural effusions caused by?

Answer 3

local pathology such as trauma, tumor or infection

Question 4

what is the minimum volume of fluid that needs to be present before signs of an effusion is present on erect PA chest films/

Answer 4

300ml

Question 5

what is a cause of bilateral pleural effusions?

Answer 5

cardiac failure
Renal failure
Hypoalbuminaemia

Question 6

what does a CXR for cardiac failure show?

Answer 6

cardiomegaly, Leroy B lines and upper lobes venous diversion

Question 7

what is associated with normal ageing of the respiratory system?

Answer 7

reduction in FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) of about 25-30% by 80 years old

also reduction in PEFR by about 30% in both men and women

Question 8

what is formed in primary tuberculosis?

Answer 8

Ghon focus

Question 9

what is the treatment for TB?

Answer 9

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

Question 10

what does TB classically cause that may be suspected on imaging and diagnosed with histology?

Answer 10

caseating granulomas

Question 11

what is a side effect of isoniazid treatment?

Answer 11

neuropathy

Question 12

how do you test for pulmonary TB?

Answer 12

sputum microscopy and culture (can take up to 6 weeks)

Question 13

how do you test for renal or military TB?

Answer 13

early morning urine testing

Question 14

in an injection drug user, gradually progressive dyspnoea and X-ray in a bat-wing pattern?

Answer 14

pneumocystis jirovecci infection

Question 15

what is pneumocystis?

Answer 15

an opportunistic fungus that resides in the alveoli, tightly adhering to type I cells

Question 16

what does lung biopsy of pneumocystis infection show?

Answer 16

foamy vacuolated exudates

Question 17

what are extra-pulmonary sites in pneumocystis infection?

Answer 17

thyroid, lymph nodes, liver and bone marrow

Question 18

pneumoconiosis

Answer 18

occupation lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust

Question 19

when should a patient be considered for non-invasive ventilation?

Answer 19

patients with a persisting respiratory acidosis after a maximum of 1 hour of standard medical therapy

Question 20

when is IV magnesium therapy indicated?

Answer 20

in the context of acute asthma

Question 21

tight shiny skin over her fingers?

Answer 21

sclerodactyly

Question 22

what is the ECG presentation of Pulmonary embolism?

Answer 22

sinus tachycardia with an S-wave in lead I, Q-wave in lead III and T-wave inversion in lead III

Question 23

pneumothorax lung volume and chest wall position?

Answer 23

lung collapses inward and chest wall springs outward