Passmed Qs Flashcards
What stones are diamond shaped
Uric acid stones
Envelope shaped crystals are typical of what stone ?
Calcium oxalate
Cystine stones are usually what shape
Hexagonal
Magnesium Phosphate stones are usually what shape
Coffin lid
What are struvite stones made from
Magnesium , ammonia and phosphate
Why do struvite stones occur
As a result of urease producing bacteria such as proteus mirabilis
What would make you think a patient has horse shoe kidney
Patients complaining of abdominal discomfort with frequent episodes of kidney stones and UTI
What drugs must be stopped in patients with AKI
NSAIDs - naproxen , ibuprofen
Aminoglycoside antibiotics - gentamicin
Ace I - ramipril
Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists - losartan
Diuretics
What stones are radiolucent on scans ( can’t be seen )
Uric acid stones
Membranous glomerulonephritis histology would show ?
basement membrane thickening on light microscopy
subepithelial spikes on sliver stain
positive immunohistochemistry for PLA2
Why should aspirin not be used for under 16’s
due to risk of reyes syndrome unless for kawasaki disease
A patient presenting with recurrent macroscopic haematuria with a history of upper respiratory ttract infection would indicade
Iga nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type 2, is caused by
persistent activation of the alternative complement pathway
Contraindication of ace
renovascular disease
What is seen on biopsy with iga nephropathy
mesangial hypercellularity with positive immunofluorescence for IgA & C3
Describe rhabdomyolysis
- damaged muscle release myoglobin which is nephrotoxic
- causes renal ischaemia
In patients complaining of abdominal discomfort and nausea with frequent episodes of kidney stones and uti what anatomical abnormality would you expect
Fused kidneys crossing anterior to the aorta
Raised mcv and low haemoglobin would indicate
Macrocyclic anaemia
What is the most common cause of infravesical outflow obstruction in males
Posterior urethral valves
What lobe of the prostate is usually enlarged in bph
Median lobe
What casts are found in ckd
Waxy casts
spironolactone act on ? and what do they commonly cause ?
collecting duct- aldosteronr antagonist
hyperkalaemia and a side effect is breast tissue growth
What ecg sign shows hyperkalaemia
Tall tented T waves
most common cause of infravesical outflow obstruction in males ?
posterior urethral valves
definitive treatment of posterior urethral valves
endoscopic valvotomy
what tumors appear pink
transitional cell carcinomas
what color are most renal tumors
yellow or brown
medication for prostate cancer
goserelin
GnRH agonist
Which part of the prostate does prostate cancer most commonly arise from?
peripheral zone
which part of the prostate does BPH arise from
transitional zone
most common renal stone
calcium oxalate
what are the defining features of alports syndrome
-young
-haematuria
-hearing loss
what are the defining features of alports syndrome
-young
- hematuria
- hearing loss
-eye problems
What is alports syndrome
- defect in type iv collagen
X linked dominant
Horse shoe kidneys are trapped under what structure
inferior mesenteric artery
side effect of tamsulosin
postural hypotension
Painless haematuria in a life long smoker suggest ?
Transitional cell carcinoma
Painful haematuria would present in what conditions ?
Urolithiasis
Infection
Does bph present with haematuria
No presents with hesitancy , poor flow , dribbling
Visible haematuria is… until proven otherwise
Bladder cancer
what is an effect of tamsulosin
postural htn
GFR is ata 75 what stage is this
stage 2
what electrolyte can cause a brown tinge to the skin
urea
Staghorn calculi is usually made from what
Struvite
first line tx for minimal change disease
prednisolone
what medication can help with voiding
tamsulosin
what medication can help with reducing prostate growth
finasteride
dutasteride
a patient presenting with renal and resp symptoms =
GOOD PASTURES
FIRSTline drug for symptomatic relief for stones
diclofenac
Reynooll pentad
Chariots triad
Confusion
Hypotension
