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Chemistry > Particles and mixture + The periodic table > Flashcards

Particles and mixture + The periodic table Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter

A

gas, liquid, solid

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2
Q

What does each state depend on

A

how strong the forces of attraction are between the particles

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3
Q

What does the strength of the forces of attraction depend on

A

the material
the temperature
the pressure

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4
Q

Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid

A

Regular and fixed

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5
Q

Decribe the forces in a solid

A

The forces of attraction in a solid are strong which holds them close and in a fixed position

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6
Q

Describe the movement of particles in a solid

A

they vibrate around a fixed point

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7
Q

What is the shape and volume of a solid like

A

definite

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8
Q

do solids flow

A

no

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9
Q

Describe the forces of attraction in a liquid

A

The forces are weak, so the particles are free to move

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10
Q

What happens when a solid is heated

A

the particles gain energy from the heat which makes them vibrate quicker and expand slightly

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11
Q

Describe the movement of liquid particles

A

They are constantly moving with random motion over each other

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12
Q

Describe the arrangement of liquid particles

A

they are random and have a definite volume but not a definite shape and are close together

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13
Q

What happens to the particles when a liquid is heated

A

The particles move faster causing the liquid to expand slightly

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14
Q

Describe the forces of attraction in a ags

A

they are very weak so the particles are free to move and far apart

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15
Q

Describe the forces of attraction in a ags

A

they are very weak, so the particles are free to move and far apart

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16
Q

What direction do gas particles travel in

A

straight lines

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17
Q

Describe the arrangement of a gas

A

They are far apart and don’t have a definite shape or volume and fill any container

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18
Q

Describe the movement of gas particles

A

They move constantly with random motion

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19
Q

what happens when you heat a gas

A

the particles move faster and either expand or increase in pressure

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20
Q

what is the process of a solid to a gas

A

subliming

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21
Q

what is the process of a solid to a liquid

A

melting

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22
Q

what is the process of a liquid to a gas

A

evaporating

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23
Q

What is the process of a gas to a liquid

A

condensing

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24
Q

what is the process of a liquid to a solid

A

freezing

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25
Q

What is diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with low concentration

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26
Q

What will speed up diffusion

A

mixing the mixture
heating the mixture

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27
Q

What is a solution

A

a mixture of a solute and a solvent that doesn’t spread out

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28
Q

What is a solute

A

the substance being dissolved

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29
Q

wat is the solvent

A

the liquid the solute dissolves into

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30
Q

what is a saturated solution

A

a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more solute will dissolve in the solution - it has reached equilibrium

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31
Q

What is solubility

A

the measure of how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent

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32
Q

What is solubility measure in

A

grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent

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33
Q

What happens to the solubility of most solid substances when you increase the temperature

A

It increases

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34
Q

what is the equation for solubility

A

solubility = (mass of solid / mass of water removed) x 100

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35
Q

How can you find the measure solubility

A

by evaporating away the solvent in the solution

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36
Q

What are all substances made from

A

atoms

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37
Q

what do atoms contain

A

protons
electrons
neutrons

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38
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton

A

1

39
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron

A

0

40
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron

A

0.0005

41
Q

what is the charge of a proton

A

+1

42
Q

what is the charge of a neutron

A

0

43
Q

what is the charge of an electron

A

-1

44
Q

What is in the middle of an atom

A

the nucleus

45
Q

what does the nucleus of an atom contain

A

protons and neutrons

46
Q

What is the charge of the nucleus

A

positive

47
Q

Where are the electrons in an atom

A

Orbiting around the nucleus on the electron shells

48
Q

What determines the size of an atom

A

the size of the electrons orbitals

49
Q

How can you know how many electrons there are

A

because it is the same amount as the protons

50
Q

What type of charge do neutral atoms have

A

They have no charge

51
Q

What happens if electrons are added or removed

A

the atom becomes charged, so it becomes an ion

52
Q

What does the atomic number do

A

It tells you how many protons there are in the atom

53
Q

How do you find out how many neutrons there are in an atom

A

Minus the atomic number from the mass number

54
Q

what are molecules

A

Groups of atoms

55
Q

What is an isotope

A

Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

56
Q

What determines each element

A

The number of protons the atom has

57
Q

How do you work out the relative atomic mass of multiple isotopes

A

((mass number x percentage) of isotope 1 + (mass number x percentage) of isotope 2) / 100

58
Q

What are elements

A

A substance that consists of only one atom

59
Q

What are compounds

A

A substance that is made up of two or more different elements which are chemically bonded and hard to seperate

60
Q

What are mixtures

A

Substances that aren’t chemically bonded and easy to separate

61
Q

What is a pure substance

A

a substance made up of a single element or compound

62
Q

How can you tell if a substance is pure

A

It will have a specific, sharp melting point and boiling point

63
Q

How would you separate a compound

A

doing a chemical reaction

64
Q

How do you separate a mixture

A

Using a physical method

65
Q

What is filtration

A

it is used to separate an Insoluble Solid from a liquid

66
Q

How does filtration work

A

You place some filtration paper into a funnel and pour your mixture into it. The liquid goes though the small holes in the filter paper and the solid remains

67
Q

What is crystallisation

A

the process that separates a soluable solid from a solution

68
Q

How do you crystalize a solution

A

Add the solution at an evaporative dish and heat the solution
once some of the water has evaporated, or when crystals form, remove the dish from the heat
crystals will form as it become insoluble in the concentrated solution
filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them to dry

69
Q

what do you use to grind something down

A

a pestle and motar

70
Q

what is chromatography

A

another method used by chemists to separate out mixtures

71
Q

Why do you use a pencil to draw the base line on chromatography paper

A

because pencil marks are insoluble, so they won’t dissolve into the solvent

72
Q

what is the end result of chromatography called

A

a chromatogram

73
Q

why does chromatography work

A

because the different dyes will move up the paper at different rates

74
Q

what the Rf value

A

It is the ratio between the distance traveled by the dissolved substance and the distance travelled by the solvent

75
Q

How do you work out the Rf value

A

distanced travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent

76
Q

How do you measure the distance of the solute

A

Measure from the base line to the center of the spot

77
Q

What is simple distillation

A

it is the process that separates out solutions (solute and solvent)

78
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

The process that is used to separate a mixture of liquids

79
Q

What apparatus is needed to preform simple distillation

A

Round bottomed flask
Bunsen burner
thermometer
Liebig condenser
water jacket
delivery tube
collecting beaker

80
Q

What is the maximum number of elections in the first shell

A

2

81
Q

What is the maximum number of elections in the second shell

A

8

82
Q

What is the maximum number of elections in the third shell

A

8

83
Q

Which shells are filled first by the electrons

A

The lowest energy shells

84
Q

How are electrons shown on the arrangement diagram

A

as crosses or small dots

85
Q

What does the number of electrons on the outer shell tell you

A

the group number

86
Q

What does the number of occupied shells in an atom tell you

A

The period number

87
Q

What does an atom with a full outer shell mean

A

That it is stable and won’t react

88
Q

what type of atoms does group 0 have

A

The atoms all have full outer shells

89
Q

When do simple ions form

A

When atoms lose or gain electrons

90
Q

What are Ions

A

Charged atoms

91
Q

When do negative ions form

A

When atoms gain electrons

92
Q

When do positive ions form

A

when atoms loose electrons

93
Q

How can you tell if an atom will lose or gain electrons

A

It depends on how full / empty the outer shell is - the atom will do the easiest thing

94
Q

Wat happens when a metal and a non-metal react together

A

The metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and the non-metal atom gains these electrons to form a positive ion

Chemistry (15 decks)

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