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Parasitology Lecture > Parasitology Exam 3- > Flashcards

Parasitology Exam 3- Flashcards

1
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
common name ?

A

whipworm

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2
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
life cycle ?

A

eggs: unembryonated when out in feces –> embryonated after 21 days (moist and shay soil)
human: swallows eggs –> hatch in small intestine –> enter intestinal crypts of large intestine

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3
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

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4
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
target organ ?

A

large intestine/rectum

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5
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
difference between male and female ?

A

males: smaller and curly end

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6
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
what happens when infection is intense ?

A

dysentery (intense diarrhea), anemia, growth retardation, rectal prolapse, finger and toe clubbing (swollen)

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7
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
common name ?

A

porkworm

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8
Q

Trichuris Trichiura:
symptoms when >100 worms ?

A

asymptomatic

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9
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
target organ ?

A

intestine

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10
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
life cycle ?

A

eats contamined undercooked pork –> J1 released in stomach –> undergo 4 molts in small intestine –> copulation/sex within mucosal epithelium

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11
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
how does J1 get fed ?

A

trick muscle cells instead of destroying them –> act like a virus to raise angiogenic factor (creates blood vessels) –> turns them into nurse cells (J1 gets fed)

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12
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
def and int host ?

A

humans (low host specificity)
pigs/humans
can be interchangeable (cannibalistic)

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13
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
which viparous ?

A

ovoviviparous

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14
Q

Trichinella spiralis:
what happens when Js die in host ?

A

calcify/harden in cadavers –> dulls scalpel being used to cut up body

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15
Q

Trichinella spiralis: video ?

A

a dancer that got hives for 2 months then stiff joints
had high WBC

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16
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
which viparous ?

A

oviparous

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17
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

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18
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
life cycle ?
what if it’s not swallowed in the correct J ?

A

swallow J3 –> hatch in duodenum (1st part of s. intest.) –> penetrate s. intest. venules –> go through pulmonary circulation and breaks out of capillaries –> molt J3 - J4 in lungs and migrate up trachea –> swallowed again –> pass through stomach and mature in s. intest.

*if not J3: it will be destroyed

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19
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
target organ ?

A

small intestine

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20
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
how are the eggs ?

A

have mammalian bumps

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21
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
what happens when females > males

A

go out looking for the hoes –> mistake the pyloric sphincter for the male post. end –> come out of nasal and oral cavity –> blocks airway –> death

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22
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
symptoms ?

A

edema
obstructions cause death

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23
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
video ?

A

Britney’s doctor heard congestion in lungs and faint wheezing
adult worms live undetected in digestive tract for years
fever made body too hot for worms –> wanna leave –> get into airway –> cough up worms

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24
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides:
are snails an epidemiological factor ?

A

no

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25
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
what gender is found ?

A

females since males not parasitic

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26
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
common name ?

A

threadworm

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27
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

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28
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
what are:
rhabditiforms
filariform
which is an epidemiological factor ?

A

worms are nonparasitic (don’t penetrates skin) when <34C

worms turn parasitic (penetrates skin) when >34C
- epidemiological factor (filariform)

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29
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
life cycle ?

A

penetrate skin –> go to small intest. via lungs and molts to J4 –> coughed up and swallowed

*autoinfection if J1 hatches and molts twice to J3 before exiting in feces

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30
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
target organ ?

A

small intest.

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31
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
what is urocanic acid released by skin used for ?

A

cue for skin penetration

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32
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
what are the 3 pathology stages ?

A
  1. invasive: itching at entry site, slight hemorrhage, swelling
  2. pulmonary (when females migrating and bursting out): burning sensation in chest, non-productive cough, pneumonia
  3. intestinal: worms migrate randomly through mucosa: intense burning sensation in abdomen, intestinal ulceration and septicemia (blood poisoning when bacteria enters bloodstream)
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33
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
epidemiological factor ?

A

transmammary infection (mom’s milk)

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34
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
reservoir host ?

A

cats and dogs

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35
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:
video ?

A

doctor:
hiding in body for 60 years
has inflammatory bowel disease but treatment make condition worse
surgery finds small valve swollen to twice its normal size

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36
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
def and int host ?

A

humans
black fly

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37
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
life cycle ?

A

microfilariae penetrate fly midgut and molt twice –> infective J3 (filariform) move to fly mouth parts –> fly bites you

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38
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
target organ ?

A

skin

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39
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
which viparous ?

A

ovoviviparous

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40
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
symptoms

A

River blindness, wolbachia (very antogenic symbiotic bacteria) leads to blindness and suicidal itch, hanging groin (where leg and torso connect), elephantiasis (damages lymphatic and vessels that pick up fluid from leaking capillaries dont work)

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41
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
difference between black fly in S. america and Africa ?

A

S. America: bites waist up
Africa: bites waist down

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42
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
life cycle ?

A

microfilariae in infected mosquitos develop into J3 in GI tract –> J3 moves to proboscis –> bites and infects new host

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43
Q

Onchocerca volvulus:
the J3 hanging outside of onchocercoma look like ?
when inside ?

A

ramen noodles
angel hair

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44
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
target organ ?

A

right side of heart

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45
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
common name ?

A

heartworm

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46
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
def and int host ?

A

dogs and cats (rarer but more dangerous sine they smaller)
female mosquitos

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47
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
which viparous ?

A

ovoviviparous

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48
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
pathology ?
symptoms ?

A

blood pumped out comes back in since no tight seal of valves
respiratory distress, vomiting, chronic cough, exercise intolerance

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49
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
is heartworm found in all 50 states (dogs)?

A

yes, so there is medicine required

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50
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:
can humans be infected ?

A

rare unless you lack strong immune system

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51
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti:
target organ ?

A

lymphatic system

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52
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti:
def and int host ?

A

humans
night feeding mosquitos

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53
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti:
life cycle ?

A

microfilariae penetrate gut of mosquito –> molt twice in thoracic muscle –>J3 moves to proboscis

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54
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti:
which viparous ?

A

ovoviviparous

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55
Q

Loa loa:
def and int host ?

A

humans
deer flies

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56
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti:
3 stages of pathology ?

A
  1. asymptomatic: large portion
  2. inflammatory (acute): caused by the wolbachia
    - can lead to lymphedema (lymph fluid build up) and and hydrocele (fluid in scrotum)
  3. obstructive: repeated attacks lead to elephantiasis
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57
Q

Loa loa:
target organ ?

A

eyes

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58
Q

Loa loa:
life cycle ?

A

adults migrate though subcutaneous (back, chest, axilla, groin, penis, scalp, eyes) connective tissue of body –>

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59
Q

Loa loa:
common name ?

A

eyeworm

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60
Q

Loa loa:
which viparous ?

A

ovoviviparous (no wolbachia)

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61
Q

Loa loa:
difference between loa loa and wuchereria

A

day vs night

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62
Q

Loa loa:
pathology ?

A

worms wandering = fugitive swelling
intense itch, athralgia (joint pain), fatigue
infection of deep tissue, fatal elephantiasis

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63
Q

Loa loa:
where ?

A

C and W Africa

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64
Q

Loa loa:
what does it mean that they have diurnal periodicity ?

A

daylight in peripheral blood vs night in lungs

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65
Q

Anisakis simplex:
def and int host ?

A

marine mammals
marine fish or squid, crustaceans

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66
Q

Anisakis simplex:
life cycle ?

A

eggs become embryonated in water –> J’s molt once to become j2 in egg –> J2 hatches –> crustacean eats it –> molts into J3 inside –> fish eats it and parasite grows –> either another fish eats it (fish to fish predation) or a whale eats it

when fish is dead, J3 go to muscle tissues

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67
Q

Anisakis simplex:
target organ ?

A

stomach

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68
Q

Anisakis simplex:
which viparous ?

A

oviparous

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69
Q

which parasite isn’t a filarial ?

A

Anisakis simplex

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70
Q

Onchocera volvulus:
what are onchocercomas ?

A

encapsulated adult worms under skin (collagen fibers)

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71
Q

Anisakis simplex:
accidental host ?

A

humans (eat undercooked fish)

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72
Q

Anisakis simplex:
pathology ?
symptoms ?

A

begin 1-12 hours when J’s penetrate stomach
14 days after: intestinal penetration

extreme gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hives
severe Ig-E mediated hypersensitivity reactions

*allergy symptoms

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73
Q

Anisakis simplex:
what happens if you come across worm again even if cooked ?

A

it’ll trigger immune response

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74
Q

Anisakis simplex:
what are the cases in W. Eur for ?

A

herring (fish)

75
Q

Anisakis simplex:
what are the cases in Spain for ?

A

ceviche

76
Q

Anisakis simplex:
what doesn’t help reach critical temperature to get rid of parasite ?

A

pickling, smoking, freezing

77
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

78
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
target organ ?

A

ileocecal region (last part of s. intest.)

79
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
life cycle ?

A

males die after copulation
females lay eggs onto perianal skin and die

80
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
common name ?

A

pinworm

81
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
what do they eat ?

A

bacteria

82
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
how are the eggs ?
what does this allow them to do ?

A

flat bottom, round top
can be airborne

83
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
retroinfection ?

A

kids don’t wipe correctly –> eggs hatch in dirty parts still there –> able to go back into anus and reproduce

84
Q

which parasites migrate when we sleeping ?

A

Enterobius Vermicularis and Ascaris Lumbricoides

85
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
symptoms ?
high numbers ?

A

1/3 asymptomatic

damage by worms attached within intestine cause ulcerations –> mild inflammation and bacterial infection
egg deposition damages –> itchy butt (kids scratch so much skin can break and worsen infection)

86
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
where else can they end up ?
what can happen ?

A

vulva (mild irritation), vagina, uterus, oviducts

if it dies in oviduct, it causes scar tissue formation and can prevent sperm from reaching egg

87
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
epidemiology ?

A

breathing tbh
contaminated clothing and bedding

1 person infected = everybody infected

88
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis:
common ?

A

very so there is over the counter medicine

89
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

90
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
target organ ?

A

small intestine

91
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
life cycle ?

A

newly hatched J1s live in feces and feed on fecal matter –> undergo 2 molts into J3 –> live in soil for several weeks –> J3 penetrates skin –> travel via blood vessels to heart and then to lungs –> coughed up and re-swallowed –> molt twice to adult in small intestine

92
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
what is required for eggs ?

A

warmth, shade, moisture

93
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
3 stages of pathology ?

A
  1. cutaneous phase: ground itch cause of bacterial infection
    - cutaneous larval migrants since some spp. dont infect humans and get confused
  2. pulmonary phase: dry coughing and sore throat as worms break out of capillaries
  3. intestinal phase: attach to mucosa and suck blood –> iron deficiency anemia
94
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
common name ?

A

hookworm

95
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
can it be fatal ?

A

yes, since they take 0.26 mL of blood a day per worm (high number = high blood loss)

96
Q

which is more intense Ancylostoma duodenale or N. Americana ?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

97
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
epidemiology ?

A

night soil

98
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
what temperature is optimal for J’s ?

A

23-30C

99
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale:
study ?

A

feral cats in FL:
75% infected with A. tubaeforme
33% with A. braziliense (associated with cutaneous larval migrants)

100
Q

How does Albendazole work ?

A

prevents microtubule polymerization –> impaired uptake of glucose

*broad

101
Q

How does Ivermectin work ?
how does it affect microfilariae vs adults differently ?

A

binds to and activates glutamate-gated Cl- channels on neurons and myocytes –> reduces/inhibits neurotransmission

only effective against microfilariae
paralyses adults

102
Q

How does Pyrantel pamoate (Reese’s Pinworm Medicine) work ?

A

depolarizes neuromuscular blocking agent by opening Na+ channels (flows out) –> sudden contraction –> paralysis of worms

103
Q

What are C. elegans ?

A

a nonparasitic nematode that serves as model organism
1st used to observe its connectome
1st multicellular organism to be genome sequenced

104
Q

Nematoda:
what reproductive system do nematodes have ?

A

dioecious

105
Q

Nematoda:
whats the difference between

A
106
Q

Nematoda:

A
107
Q

Nematoda:

A
108
Q

Nematoda:
what type of digestive tract ?

A

complete

109
Q

Nematoda:
what is the body wall ?

A

cuticle, body wall musculature, and hypodermis (1 dorsal and 1 ventral with longitudinal nerve trunks divide body into 4 quadrants and 2 lateral (mushroom shaped)
allow it to move in S mortion

110
Q

Nematoda:
common name ?

A

roundworms

111
Q

Nematoda:
how many times must it molt ?

A

4

112
Q

Nematoda:
what makes up the hydrostatic skeleton ?

A

body wall + fluid-filled mesodermal lining

113
Q

Nematoda:
what is a pseudocoel ?

A

fluid filled (hemolymph) cavity enclosed by body wall

114
Q

Nematoda:
what allows the worm to move ?

A

enclosed volume of non-compressible fluid (hemolymph)
ability of muscle contraction to apply pressure to fluid (keeps worm firm)
pressure in all directions

115
Q

Nematoda:
what allows worm to move in S-like fashion ?

A

contraction and relaxation of dorsal and ventral muscles

116
Q

Nematoda:
what are the 2 main concentrations of nerve elements:

A
  1. in esophageal region (anterior part) that comes in contact with evr.
  2. in anal region important for sex
117
Q

Nematoda:
what opens mouth ?

A

buccal muscles contracting

118
Q

Nematoda:
how does food pass down ?

A

via muscle contractions

119
Q

Nematoda:
what closes mouth ?

A

hydrostatic pressure

120
Q

Nematoda:
how is the path of food kept (mouth to anus) ?

A

posterior bulb acts as a one way valve muscle so food won’t spill from mouth

121
Q

Nematoda:
what pushes food down and how ?

A

peristalsis moves S-like to push it down

122
Q

Nematoda:
how to open and close anus ?

A

contract to open
relax to lose

123
Q

Nematoda:
what food do they eat ?

A

blood, tissue cells, fluids, intestinal contents

124
Q

what is the difference between oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous ? (examples)

A

oviparous: lay eggs; birds
viviparous: live birth; humans
ovoviviparous: live birth but young nourished directly by parent; seahorses

125
Q

vectors for ascaris lumbricoides ?

A

roaches and flies

126
Q

Nematoda:
what is a pseudopodium ?

A

fake foot that spermatozoa uses to move

127
Q

Nematoda:
what is a cloaca ?

A

where ejaculatory duct opens into rectum

128
Q

Nematoda:
what is weird about the female central vulva ?

A

its closer to the anterior end instead of near anus

129
Q

Trypanosomatidaes:
what are the characteristics ?

A

microparasite
hemoflagellates (in blood)
heterotrophic
heteroxenous

130
Q

what does heteroxenous mean ?

A

parasite that lives within more than one host during life cycle (DH and IH)

131
Q

Trypanosomatidaes:
what are the stages ? differences ?
which are intra vs intercellular ?

A

Trypomastigote: tail at most posterior end to nucleus
Epimastigote: anterior to nucleus
Promastigote: most anterior to nucleus; no undulating membrane
intercellular

Amastigote: intracellular

132
Q

Trypanosomatidaes:
what is the undulating membrane like ? why ?

A

trigger fish, knife fish, and gun fish

wave-like movement

133
Q

Trypanosomatidaes:
flagellum pushes or pulls ?

A

pulls

134
Q

Trypanosomatidaes:
which way is the head ?

A

where the tail is

135
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
what are the 3 indistinguishable subspecies ? def hosts ? disease ?

A
  1. T. b. brucei: livestock
    - nagana (fever, weight loss, death)
  2. T. b. gambiense:
    - chronic human sleeping sickness (slower)
  3. T. b. rhodesiense:
    - acute human sleeping sickness (faster, deadlier)
136
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
int host ?

A

tse tse fly

137
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
target organ ?

A

CSF and lymph fluid

138
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
life cycle ?

A

multiplies in midgut of fly through binary fission (asexual) –> migrate to salivary glands and become epimastigote –> multiply –> transform into metacylic trypomastigote (infective)

139
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
infectious stage ?

A

metacylic trypomastigote

140
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
symptoms ?

A

ulcers at bite site

fever, genaralized pain, headache, weakness, cramps, Winterbottom’s sign (swollen lymph nodes)

141
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
difference between gambiense and rhodesiense ?

A

gambiense: acute human sleeping sickness
weight loss, heart problems, death within month
C. and W. Africa

rhodesiense: chronic human sleeping sickness
host survives longer (gives parasite time to attack CNS)
tremors, mental dullness, apathy (mentally tired), lethargia (physically tired), death
E. Africa

142
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
way to remember gambiense ?

A

sounds like “game” –> who likes games? –> kids –> chronic (always on the game)

143
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
slave trade ?

A

Winterbottom connected symptoms = parasite
- got bad rep although he was anti-slavery
- benefited racists
slave found with symptoms killed

144
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
reservoir host ?

A

antelope

145
Q

Trypanosoma brucei:
were vaccines successful ?

A

not successful since parasite changes its antogenic surface code (tricks immune system the moment it’s about to kill it)

146
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
def and int host ?

A

humans
kissing bug

147
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
target organ ?

A

heart

148
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
infectious stage ?

A

metacylic trypomastigate

149
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
life cycle ?

A

kissing bugs take blood meal (has anesthetic so you won’t feel it) and shit on you to make more space –> anesthetic wears off and you scratch face –> 50% gets into bite wound and other 50% into mucous membrane (eye) –> amastigote form and multiply –> trypomastigote released –> get into cells of spleen, liver, lymphatics, cardiac smooth and skeletal muscle –> become amastigote and multiple –> trypomastigate released –> kissing bug picks it up –> epimastigote transform into metacylic trypomastigote in midgut fir infection

150
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
what does the kissing bug’s bite wound form ?

A

pseudocysts that pop and cause inflammation that destroys surrounding tissue

151
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
disease ?

A

Chaga’s disease (due to pseudocyst rupture)
- destroys autonomic ganglia –> megaesophagus and megacolon
- destroys nerve ganglia –> heart disease and elarged heart

152
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
symptoms ?

A

Romana’s sign: swelling and edema of eye

153
Q

70% of cardiac cases in N. and S. America are due to what parasite ?

A

trypanosoma cruzi

154
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
epidemiological factors ?

A

thatched roofs (made of plants) and cracked walls

155
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
how is it similar to HIV and AIDS ?

A
  • health disparities (affect less-fortunate)
  • chronic conditions
  • require prolonged treatment
  • expensive treatment
156
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
reservoir hosts ?

A

cats and dogs, opossums, armadillos, wood rats

157
Q

Leishmania donovani:
where ?

A

Mediterranean, China, Thailand, Africa, Pakistan, S. America, India, Sumatra

158
Q

Leishmania donovani:
disease and pathology ?

A

Kala-azar:
low grade fever and malaise (malestar)
destroys phagocytic cells

hypertrophy of liver and spleen (cells grow bigger)
progressive wasting and anemia
*death in 2-3 years if untreated

159
Q

Leishmania donovani:
reservoir host ?

A

dogs

160
Q

Leishmania donovani:
def and int host ?

A

humans
sandfly

161
Q

Leishmania donovani:
infectious stage ?

A

promastigote

162
Q

Leishmania donovani:
life cycle ?

A

engulfed by macrophage –> amastigote and divide by binary fission –> escape from dead macrophage and new one engulfs it

163
Q

Leishmania donovani:
target organ ?

A

macrophages

164
Q

Leishmania donovani:
what happens in children ? why ?

A

fatal due to underdeveloped immune system

165
Q

Leishmania donovani:
treatment found when trying to find cure for what ?

A

cancer

166
Q

Giardia lamblia:
life cycle ?

A

adhesive disk on surface gets dislodged/moved out –> goes to large intestine –> transition into cysts stage (to protect from new environment)

167
Q

Giardia lamblia:
structure (nuclei and flagella)

A

2 nuclei
8 flagella

168
Q

Giardia lamblia:
epidemiology ?

A

one person infected = everybody infected

169
Q

Giardia lamblia:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

170
Q

Giardia lamblia:
target organ ?

A

duodenum (s. intest.)

171
Q

Giardia lamblia:
what disease ?

A

Giardiasis

172
Q

what parasite is cosmopolitan and what does that mean ?

A

Giardia lamblia and ??

wide global distribution

173
Q

Giardia lamblia:
symptoms ?

A

increases mucus production, diarrhea, jaundice (yellow skin), colic (severe abdominal pain), dehydration, flatulence, weight loss

174
Q

Giardia lamblia:
reservoir hosts ?

A

dogs, cats, sheep, beavers taking a shit in the river

175
Q

difference between cyst and trophozoite ?

A

cyst: not infectious, in hard stool

trophozoite: infectious, in soft stool
- divide by binary fission

176
Q

Leishmania donovani:
what stage do they not have ?

A

epimastigote

177
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
epidemiology ?

A

STI and soiled washcloths/towels

178
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
underwear at stores scenarios ?

A

males: buy cheap big pack and leave

girls: try it on so panties have lil liner that gets replaced each time
- except it dont

179
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
pathology ?
men vs females ?

A

most strains are asymptomatic due to low pathogenicity (easy to spread)

men: usually asymptotic but may have urethritis and prostitis

women:
- degeneration of vaginal epithelium
- leukocytic infiltration (WBC come to get rid of infection) –> secretions become abundant and white or greenish and tissues get inflamed
- chaffing, leukorrhea (thick wite discharge)

*can also lead to low birth infants, pregnancy complications due to ruptured membranes, cervical cancer

180
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
how does it affect the vagina ?

A

raises acidity (normally: 4-4.5) to 5-6 pH which encourages growth of parasite

181
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
true or false: it has a cyst stage

A

falsem, only trophozoite

182
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
target organ ?

A

urogenital tract (males and females)

183
Q

Trichomona vaginalis:
def and int host ?

A

humans
none

Parasitology Lecture (1 decks)

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