Paper 3 Flashcards
Aspects of reliability
- Interrater
- Internal consistency
- Test-retest
Validity
External
- population validity
- Ecological validity
Internal
Construct
Population validity
How easily can the sample used be generalized to a population?
Ecological validity
How much does the external environment affect the results of the study? (Or behaviour of participants)
- mundane realism
- can the study be generalized to other studies?
Internal validity
Is there direct relationship between the IV and DV, or are they influenced by other factors?
Can be controlled by control variables, extraneous, confounding variables
Construct validity
Is the test/study accurately measuring the variable/what they say they are measuring?
Demand characteristics
- expectancy effect
- screw you effect
- social desirability effect
- reactivity
- optimum bias
Expectancy effect
Participant guesses what the aim of the study is and attempts to “help” the researcher by behaving/responding in accordance to what they think the hypothesis is
Screw you effect
Participants guesses what the aim of the study is and attempts to act in a way that opposes to what they think the hypothesis is (to impact credibility of the study negativity).
Social desirability
Participants answer questions in a way to avoid embarrassment or judgement to look better to the researcher.
Reactivity
Participants act differently because of the awareness that they are being observed
Optimum bias
A tendency to overestimate likelihood of having positive experiences and underestimate likelihood of having negative experiences
Lab experiment
An experiment done in a highly controlled environment
IV is manipulated and DV is measured
Field experiment
Experiment done in a natural setting. IV still manipulated, therefore a field experiment is still a real experiment. Has less controlled environment.
Imply casual relationship btwn IV and DV.
True experiment
IV is manipulated and DV is measured under controlled conditions. Participants randomly allocated.
Quasi experiment
IV is not manipulated. Participants separated by pre-existing traits (this is IV. For example, a fish seller, jeweller.. etc.)
Imply casual relationship btwn IV and DV.
Natural experiment
Subset of quasi experiment. DV measured from naturally occurring events, for example, observing stress levels of students after the introduction of IB.
Extraneous variable
Any variable that is not being observed that may also affect the experiment
Opportunity sampling
Participants selected based on naturally occurring groups. For example, a classroom of students may be selected for a study.
(Unit 1 vocab doc)
Random sampling
Participants have an equal chance of being selected.
Self selected sampling/volunteer sample
Participants volunteer to partake in a study, most likely from seeing an advertisement.
Snowball sampling
Participants recruit other participants for a study
(Doc)
Stratified sampling
Groups of participants are randomly selected corresponding to the distribution of a population.
Purposive sampling
Targets a specific group of people, when the desired sample is difficult to find and recruit.
Haphazard sampling
Not random or systematic. Is a biased way to sample.
Sampling in a public space, participants are chosen. E.g. going to a mall and selecting people to sample.
Deductive qualitative observations
Observations are structured, from a pre-selected list.
E.g. choosing to observe how friendly a person is.. rather than simply observing