paper 2 exam questions Flashcards
Compare the characteristics of concordant and discordant coastlines.(4)
on concordant coastline, the alternating bands of hard and soft rocks are parallel to the sea whereas discordant coastlines have layers of hard and soft rock perpendicular to the sea.
headlands and bay form along a discordant coastline but concordant coastline there are fewer erosional landforms.
Explain how rock type and erosion processes cause the formation of a stack. (6)
stacks are formed on discordant coastline they are formed when cracks or faults are created in the rocks on a headland and these cracks and faults are eroded by abrasion and hydraulic action so they increase in size and form a cave the cave continues to be eroded forming an arch eventually the arch collapses due to gravity forming a stack
Explain how seasonality may affect rates of coastal retreat. (3)
during the winter there are more frequent storms this means there would be more destructive waves causing the rocks to erode more quickly and retreat
Explain how sub-aerial processes can impact coastal erosion rates. (4)
Sub-aerial processes are processes that occur on the land (1). Sedimentary rocks can become easily
saturated with water when there is heavy rain (1). When this rock is saturated with water it increases in weight (1) meaning gravity is more likely to cause slumping (1).
Explain the formation of a spit. (3)
a spit is formed by longshore drift which transport sediments past the bend and deposits it in the sea
explain how human activities can have direct and indirect impacts on the coastline. (4)
humans have directly impacted coastlines by building flood defences. coastal defences reduce erosion this can destroy coastal habitats
humans can also indirectly affect the coastline by climate change. the rise in sea level has increased coastal flooding and erosion
Explain why there is an increased risk of coastal flooding in the UK. (4)
climate change has increased sea level to rise this has lead to more frequent and stronger storms which increases the risk of flooding also as the human population increases more people live near the coast this increases flood risk
as more people are vulnerable.
explain one difference in the climate of upland and lowland in the uk
in the upland, the climate is colder than the lowland because of its high altitude
explain 2 disparities that exist in the uk 4 marks
in the south of the UK the life expectancy and education much better than in the north, this is because there are more services and better healthcare in th south. another disparity is that the south an urban area have a greater economic value than the north a rural area this is because in the rural area, jobs are mainly in the primary and secondary sectors. whereas in the south jobs are mainly in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
explain one way in which glaciation has affected the physical landscape of the UK 2 marks
glaciers have eroded valleys by widening and deepening them forming u-shaped valleys
