Paper 1

Question 1

‘Migration to Europe is rarely a one-stop process.’ Discuss (8 marks)

Answer 1

• Use Item 1 AIB and discuss costs and explain why migrants are unlikely to be able to afford the direct route from their home country straight to Europe.
• Also use item 4- it’s based on and made use of this more specific breakdown of costs e.g. Burkina Faso to Italy provided by the Bissa ethnic group apparently costs $6,000-10,000.

There is also many obstacles migrants have to face on their journey:

• dangers of crossing the Sahara
• being kidnapped and forced into prostitution
• running out of money
• finding reasonably well-paid work in a neighbouring country, leading them staying for a number of years.

Question 2

‘Climate change is the biggest push factor in the Sahel region.’ Discuss with reference to your case study country. (15 marks)

Answer 2

Northern Cameroon is an incredibly dry region which has seen increased drought frequency over the last couple of decades. Lake Chad, found in the far north of the country, has considerably shrunk in this region, causing problems for fishermen dependent on this resource. Human push factors include a soaring population with a youth dependancy ratio of 78.4% which is outstripping job supply and forcing many to migrate in order to improve the quality of life.

In Nigeria, the main physical push factors are linked to climate change. The northern region is seeing a rise in desertification as drought becomes more common and high populations lead to overgrazing. In northern Nigeria, Lake Chad has all but dried up. Despite having one of the wealthiest economies in Africa, a rise in terrorism and the implementation of Sharia Law north has been a major human push factor.

Question 3

To what extent is the proposed EU migrant quota system fair? (8 marks)

Answer 3

• Balance and consideration given to the argument.
• make links between quotas allocated, population size of receiving countries, their GDP and also their demographics (Figures P2, P4 and P8).

Question 4

To what extent do you agree that solutions to the illegal immigrant problem can’t be limited to Italian border control?

Answer 4

• Frontex
• Lampedusa Italy- costs to Italy, political and economic problems. Also once migrants arrive in Italy they often slip away into mainland Europe- potential problems this can cause.
• Problems starts in central Africa- e.g. if migrants could be stopped before making the journey to Libya, Tunisia or Algeria, there would be fewer issues
• Explore ideas of improving development in African countries in order to reduce people’s need to migrate in the first place.
• An attempt to discuss the costs of border control vs the costs of development aid may be made
• Consider the idea of free trade in order to help African nations grow their economies.