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Foundation Block > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the recommended duration for exclusively breastfeeding?

A

6 months

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2
Q

What is the recommended length of time before stopping breastfeeding

A

6 months exclusive breastfeeding with complementary breast feeding up to 2 years

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3
Q

When so babies begin weaning and eating solid foods?

A

6 monthsW

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4
Q

Why is it recommended to begin feeding your baby solid food after 6 months?

A

The nutritional requirements of the baby increases and breast milk is not sufficient therefore babies need more food to meet their energy requirements.

They are also developmentally ready at this age to begin eating solid foods.

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5
Q

Why is breastfeeding recommended?

A

Breast milk contains all the nutrients a baby needs.

It reduces the risk of infection in babies as the mothers antibodies are passed on through breast milk.

Reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis.

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6
Q

Why should you wait until a baby is 6 months old before weaning?

A

Weaning a baby too early can have harmful outcomes.

Children can develop allergies if you introduce certain proteins too early, the body will recognise them as pathogens and develop antibodies against them.

A baby’s immune system is still developing and they are at higher risk of infection before 6 months.

They are developmentally ready at 6 months of age to process solid foods, they have developed a mature swallow, have head control and the kidneys and gut are ready to filter different electrolytes.

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7
Q

Describe stage 1 of weaning

A

occurs around 6-8 months and baby starts eating smooth purees

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8
Q

Describe stage 2 of weaning

A

From 8-10 months a baby can begin eating more protein based foods mashed up so they have a thicker consistency than purees.

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9
Q

Describe stage 3 of weaning

A

After 10 months of age a baby should be able to begin eating food that is chopped very small/fine

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10
Q

Should children eat low fat foods?

A

No, low fat foods are not recommended for children as their energy demands are very high because they are growing and in order to meet these demands they should eat full fat foods as part of their diet.

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11
Q

How is a child’s growth measured?

A

Growth charts, there are growth charts for male and female children which measure: length, weight and head circumference.

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12
Q

What is important to consider when using a birth chart?

A

Observe trends in the child’s growth, do not consider one measurement in isolation.

Compare the different measurements for each child.

Ensure you are using the correct growth chart and identify any underlying conditions where the rate of growth is different

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13
Q

Why do you need to consider a child’s underlying conditions when measuring their growth?

A

If a child has an underlying condition that may affect their growth compared to a standard child you have to take that into consideration and adjust for that when plotting growth on the chart

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14
Q

When does brain development start?

A

In the antenatal period, we are born with 100 billion neurons and from the second trimester of development they begin to form connections and synapses from different stimuli

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15
Q

What age is crucial for brain development?

A

The first two years of life, by the age of 3 children have a dense network of neural connections that are continuously developing in response to learning experiences

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16
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

the removal or degradation of synaptic connections that are not needed, not being utilised.

Synaptic pruning allows for the remaining connections to become stronger and more efficient.

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17
Q

When does synaptic pruning begin in childhood?

A

By age 11 synaptic pruning begins which allows for the strengthening of the most utilised neural pathways and the removal of redundant connections

Synaptic pruning allows for the remaining connections to become stronger and more efficient.

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18
Q

When does the formation of synapses stop?

A

Never, synapses can continue to form throughout you life depending on your experience

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19
Q

When does brain development stop?

A

Gross brain development stops at around 25 years of age

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20
Q

Define neuronal plasticity

A

The brains ability to change and develop through the formation or loss of synapses

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21
Q

When is the brain most active?

A

During the first 10 years of your life the brain is twice as active as in adulthood

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22
Q

What factors can affect brain development?

A

Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect brain development.

Intrinsic factors: toxins in pregnancy - srugs/alcohol, infections or chromosomal abnormalities

Extrinsic factors: abuse, neglect, trauma, stimulation, adversity in family or environment: war, poverty, drugs

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23
Q

List some intrinsic factors that affect brain development

A

Infection
Toxins
Chromosomal abnormalities

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24
Q

List some extrinsic factors that can affect neural development

A

Abuse
Neglect
Stimulation/Lack of
Adversity in families
Adversity in environment

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25
Q

What are the 5 criteria that have been shown to support brain development? (Nurturing Care Framework)

A
  • safety and security
  • adequate nutrition
  • adequate healthcare
  • responsive caregiving
  • opportunities for learning
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26
Q

Define developmental delay

A

Describes when a child takes longer to reach certain milestones of development.

Developmental delay can be a sign of certain developmental conditions however it can be improved with early intervention

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27
Q

How common is developmental delay

A

DD is present in 5-10% of the population, children that have developmental difficulties are a smaller percentage of this population.

Many children that exhibit delays in development can catch up quickly.

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28
Q

What are the 5 domains of development

A
  • Gross motor skills
  • Fine motor skills
  • Social (adaptive) and socio-emotional
  • Language (expressive and receptive)
  • Cognition
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29
Q

What are some development reflexes observed in newborns

A
  • Complete head lag
  • sucking
  • blinks to light
  • startles to noise
  • rooting
  • tonic neck

These reflexes should disappear at after around 4-6 months, if they exist later in development it is cause for concern.

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30
Q

By 6-8 weeks of age what should you expect to see developmentally present in a baby?

A
  • head lag still present but can hold head in same plane as body
  • fixing and following in horizontal plane
  • smiles in response to stimuli
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31
Q

What age do you expect to see a baby fix and follow stimuli?

A

6-8 weeks

32
Q

At what age do you expect to see a baby smile?

A

6-8 weeks

33
Q

What age do you expect the newborn reflexes to disappear?

A

4-6 months

34
Q

By 3 months of age what are key developmental traits?

A
  • can push up from tummy on arms
  • reaches towards objects
  • can bear weight on legs
35
Q

What age do you expect a baby to be able to push up from tummy on arms?

A

3 months

36
Q

What age do you expect a baby to make ooh eeh sounds?

A

3 months

37
Q

What age should a baby be able to bear some weight on their legs - assisted?

A

3 months

38
Q

By 4-6 months what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a baby?

A
  • good head control
  • can press themselves up or pull themselves up from the floor
  • palmer grasp
  • turns when name is called/recognises name
  • hold onto bottle when fed
39
Q

By what age would you expect a baby to recognise their name?

A

6 months

40
Q

What age do you expect to see a baby pulling themselves up from the ground?

A

6 months

41
Q

When does a baby develop good head control?

A

4-6 months

42
Q

When does a palmer grasp develop in a baby?

A

4-6 months

43
Q

When do you expect a baby to sit with support?

A

by 6 months

44
Q

By 9-12 months, what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a baby?

A
  • sits steadily
  • can stand holding onto something
  • pincer grasp
  • object permanence
  • understands no, can shout to get attention
  • waves hello/goodbye
45
Q

What age would you expect a baby to be able to sit steadily without support?

A

9-12 months

46
Q

What age would you expect a baby to develop a pincer grasp

A

9-12 months

47
Q

What age would you expect a baby to look for a toy that is no longer in view?

A

9-12 months

48
Q

When does a baby begin displaying receptive language skills such as understand no?

A

9-12 months

49
Q

When do non-verbal gestures, waving hello or goodbye, develop in babies?

A

9-12 months

50
Q

By 12-18 months what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a baby?

A
  • walking
  • can carry a toy while walking
  • knows common objects by name
  • can hold spoon
  • scribble
51
Q

When should a baby begin walking?

A

12-18 months

52
Q

When should a baby be able to follow one step commands?

A

12-18 months

53
Q

When should a baby begin talking?

A

1 word by 1
15 words by 15 months

roughly

54
Q

When does a baby begin to indicate that they need the toilet?

A

18-24 months

55
Q

By 2 years what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a baby?

A
  • can climb/descend stairs, one at a time
  • running
  • play alone or in parallel with others
  • eat with some sort of utensil
  • climbing furniture
56
Q

What age do you expect a child to begin to be able to feed themselves?

A

2 years

57
Q

What age do you expect to observe a child putting two words together?

A

2 years

58
Q

When does the tripod grip develop in children?

A

2 years

59
Q

When do children being running?

A

2 years

60
Q

By 3 years what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a baby?

A
  • Can pedal a tricycle
  • Jumping well
  • short sentences
  • can tell you their name, age or sex on request
  • out of nappies during the day
  • interactive play
61
Q

When do you first see interactive play in childrens development?

A

3 years

62
Q

At what age would you expect children to be out of nappies during the day?

A

3 years

63
Q

By what age should a child be able to copy an draw a circle?

A

3 years

64
Q

When would you expect a child to be able to put short 3/4 word sentences together?

A

3 years

65
Q

By 5 years what developmental milestones do you expect to see in a child?

A
  • walking up/down the stairs one foot at a time
  • hopping and skipping
  • can draw a triangle
  • understands opposites
  • symbolic and interactive play
  • can write their own name
66
Q

By what are would you expect a child is able to walk up and down the stairs one foot at a time?

A

5 years

67
Q

When would you expect to see a child engage in symbolic play?

A

5 years

68
Q

When should a child understand opposites?

A

5 years

69
Q

By age 5 what should a child be able to draw?

A

Triangle, man in 6 parts, their own name

70
Q

At what age would you consider investigations if a child is not walking?

A

18 months

71
Q

An infant develops a social smile at what age?

A

6-8 weeks

72
Q

Hand preference develops at what age?

A

18 months

73
Q

How many words would you expect in a child’s vocabulary by 18 months?

A

20 words

74
Q

A child is able to hold a pen and do circular scribbles by?

A

2 years

75
Q

By what age would you expect most children to be pushing their chest and head up well?

A

3 months

76
Q
A

Foundation Block (7 decks)

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