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Equine > Orthopaedic disease in young horses > Flashcards

Orthopaedic disease in young horses Flashcards

1
Q

How to describe angular limb deformaties

A

Direction of deviation - valgus or varus
Centre of deviation - fetlock, carpus, tarsus, etc.
Severity - angle of deviation

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2
Q

Valgus

A

Limbs deviate out

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3
Q

Varus

A

Limbs deviate in

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4
Q

Aetiology of angular limb deformaties

A

Congenital
- periarticular laxity
- incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
- uterine mal-positioning
Acquired
- physitis
- direct trauma

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5
Q

How to evaluate a foal with angular limb deformities

A

Static - stand in front or behind and assess severity of angle
Dynamic - watch foal following the mare
Manipulation - peri-articular laxity
Radiography

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6
Q

Conservative treatment of congenital angular limb deformities

A

Incomplete ossification - box rest, support legs (eg. splints)
Peri-articular laxity - box rest with controlled exercise to build strength

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7
Q

Conservative treatment of valgus

A

Trim lateral hoof wall
Extend medial hoof wall

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8
Q

Conservative treatment of varus

A

Trim medial hoof wall
Extend lateral hoof wall

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9
Q

When to do surgical treatment of angular limb deformities

A

Severe deformity
Conservative treatment has failed
When approaching the age of physeal grown cessation
Persistent ulna

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10
Q

How to surgically treat angular limb deformities

A

Inhibit growth on the long side of the limb
- transphyseal bridge - screws and wire or transphyseal screw
Accelerate growth on short side of the limb
- periosteal strip - periosteum on the short side is transected transversely allowing limb to grow faster (lack of evidence to support efficacy)

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11
Q

When to remove implants after surgery for treating angular limb deformities

A

Regular re-evaluation - approx. every 2wks
Remove when 85-95% straight - straightening continues for a bit after removal

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12
Q

What age to growth plates close in the distal radius?

A

24m

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13
Q

What age to growth plates close in the distal metacarpal 3?

A

6-9m

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14
Q

When do the growth plates close in the distal tibia?

A

17-24m

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15
Q

When do the growth plates close in the distal metatarsal 3?

A

9-12m

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16
Q

When should cartilage ossify in utero?

A

Months 9-11

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17
Q

Physitis

A

Inflammation of the physis at the end of the long bone

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18
Q

Triggers of physitis

A

Rapid growth - high concentrate feed, etc.
Trauma to physis
Genetic predisposition

19
Q

Clinical signs of physitis

A

Heat
Sweeling
Pain on palpation
Possible lameness
Commonly bilateral

20
Q

Diagnosis of physitis

A

Radiography
- widening
- sclerosis
- periosteal new bone bridge

21
Q

Treatment of physitis

A

Exercise restriction
Analgesia - phenylbutazone
Correction of underlying cause - early weaning, reduced feed intake, etc.

22
Q

Describe a type 1 physeal fracture

A

Straight across the physis
With or without displacement

23
Q

Describe a type 2 physeal fracture

A

Extends through the metaphysis, producing a chip fracture of the metaphysis

24
Q

Describe a type 3 physeal fracture

A

Extends through the epiphysis

25
Q

Describe a type 4 physeal fracture

A

Fracture line extends through the metaphysis, growth plate, and epiphysis

26
Q

Describe a type 5 physeal fracture

A

Compression/crushed fracture

27
Q

Treatment of physeal fractures

A

Conservative management - cast, coaptation, and confinement
Surgical correction - internal fixation

28
Q

What is the aetiology of soft tissue laxity in foals?

A
29
Q

What is the aetiology of congenital hyperextension in foals?

A

Flaccidity of the flexor muscles after birth

30
Q

What is congenital hyperextension in foals?

A

Sunken palmer/plantar fetlock and elevated toes

31
Q

Treatment of congenital hyperextension in foals

A

Glue on heel extension shoes to put limb in a normal weight bearing position
Normally self-corrects after a few weeks - isolate to small grass pen

32
Q

Treatment of congenital hyperflexion in foals

A

Light exercise may lead to spontaneous resolve within a few days
Toe extension and heel reduction
NSAIDs (+ omeprazole)
Splints or casts
3 oxytetracycline in 500ml saline, slow IV
Rarely require surgery

33
Q

What is the aetiology of acquired hyperflexion in foals?

A

Rapid bone growth - tendons cannot keep up
Specific injury - eg. osteochondrosis, fracture, septic arthritis, foot abscess

Pain causes flexion withdrawal reflex and subsequent muscle contraction leading to flexural limb deformity

34
Q

What are the 2 stages of coffin joint contracture?

A

Stage 1 - dorsal hoof wall has not past vertical (good prognosis)
Stage 2 - dorsal hoof wall has progressed past vertical (guarded prognosis)

35
Q

Medical management of acquired coffin joint contracture

A

Toe extension and heel reduction
NSAIDs (+ omeprazole)
Reduce growth weight - reduce nutrition, early weaning
Address other causes of pain
ONLY SUITABLE FOR STAGE 1

36
Q

Surgical management of stage 1 acquired coffin joint contracture

A

Desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament of the DDFT
In addition to other medical therapies

37
Q

Surgical management of stage 2 acquired coffin joint contracture

A

Tenotomy of the DDFT
In addition to other medical therapies

38
Q

What is the aetiology of acquired coffin joint contracture in foals (1-4m)?

A

Metacarpal/tarsal bone grow rapidly
Leads to functional shortening of the DDFT

39
Q

What is the aetiology of acquired fetlock joint contracture in foals (10-18m)?

A

Radius/tibia grow rapidly
Leads to functional shortening of the SDFT and suspensory ligament

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of acquired fetlock joint contracture?

A

Stage 1 - fetlock remains behind vertical
Stage 2 - fetlock is positioned in front of vertical, but can move behind vertical when weight bearing
Stage 3 - fetlock is positioned in front of vertical, even when weight bearing

41
Q

Medical management of acquired fetlock joint contracture

A

Toe extensions
NSAIDs (+ omeprazole)
Reduce growth rate - reduce nutrition, early weaning
Splint to force fetlock into extension
Address other causes of pain
ONLY SUITABLE FOR STAGE 1

42
Q

Surgical management of acquired fetlock joint contracture

A

Depends on the structures involved
SDFT - desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament or SDFT desmotomy
DDFT - desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament or DDFT desmotomy
Suspensory ligament - desmotomy
In addition to other medical therapies

43
Q
A

Equine (7 decks)

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