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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 2 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vertical transmission of genetic material

A

occurs when offspring inherit genotypes from their parent(s)

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2
Q

Lateral transmission of genetic material

A

occurs when organisms gain genetic material from sources other than from one parent to one offspring

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3
Q

Genetic introgression

A

occurs when genetic material is passed laterally between lineages due to hybridization

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4
Q

Symbiogenesis

A

theory that eukaryotic arouse though the combination of an archaea with a bacteria

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5
Q

Differential gene expression

A

allows a single genome to produce many different cell types

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6
Q

Somatic Cells

A

those which only give rise to offspring cells in the body of an organism

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7
Q

Germ cells

A

are those in a direct cellular lineage that pass from organisms in one generation to the next

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8
Q

Colonies

A

collections of unicellular organisms that are connected to one another but exhibit little or no cellular differentiation

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9
Q

What are three advantages of complex multicellularity (why is better to be multicellular than unicellular).

A
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10
Q

Briefly describe two disadvantages of multicellularity
(why is it better to be unicellular than multicellular).

A
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11
Q

Briefly describe the general morphology of the taxon.

A
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12
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

chemicals that absorb specific wavelengths of light depending on their chemical structure.

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13
Q
A

a haploid phase of the life cycle of Viridiplantae that produces the gametes. (n)

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14
Q

Sporophyte

A

a diploid phase of the life cycle of viridiplantae that produces the spores(2n)

produces spores through meiosis

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15
Q

Thallus

A

Flattened body from of the gametophyte

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16
Q

Rhizoids

A

hair-like structures that bind the thallus to the substrate

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17
Q

Xylem

A

tissue primarily carries water from the roots toward the leaves via evapotranspiration and is dead at functional maturity

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18
Q

Phloem

A

tissue primarily carries sugar from the leaves to other tissues using hydrostatic pressure and is live at functional maturity

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19
Q

Pollination

A

Occurs when the male and female gametophytes unite

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20
Q

Tissue

A

a population of similar cells within an organism that work together to perform a common function

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21
Q

Triploblastic

A

organisms exhibit three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm).

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22
Q

Coelom

A

a fluid filled body cavity

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23
Q

Alimentary canal

A

a tube that carries food through the body

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24
Q

Ecdysis

A

a periodic molt of the three-three-layered cuticle

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25
Q

Deuterostome condition

A

refers to the formation of an anus first and a mouth second during embryonic growth of the alimentary canal

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26
Q

Dermal tissue

A

the outer protective tissue layer of a plant

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27
Q

Vascular tissue

A

the transport tissue of a plant

28
Q

Ground tissue

A

additional plant tissues specialized for functions such as photosynthesis, storage, short-distance transport, and support

29
Q

Palisades mesophyll

A

ground tissues cells specialized for photosynthesis

30
Q

Connective tissue

A

structural support tissue used to hold other tissues in place

31
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

a thin payer of tissue that lines the surface of the body

32
Q

Primary cell wall

A

is relatively thin secretion of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and proteins

33
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

composed of cellulose lignin and other polysaccharides between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

34
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells occur mainly in the dermal and ground tissues. These cells lack secondary cell walls and have large central vacuoles for storage. Parenchyma cells are totipotent.

35
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Exhibit thickened primary cell walls and provide flexible support in growing tissues

36
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Exhibit thick secondary walls with large amounts of lignin. Mature cells are dead, leaving behind their cell walls as a support structure.

37
Q

Apical meristem

A

a center of mitotic division at the apex of a root or shoot

38
Q

Primary growth

A

occurs through cell elongation in the internodes

39
Q

Secondary growth

A

increase in circumference, occurs at cylindrical lateral meristems

40
Q

Vascular growth

A

A lateral meristem that produces additional layers of secondary xylem and phloem cells. Xylem is usually added at a faster rate the phloem.

41
Q

Cork cambium

A

a lateral meristem that produces layers of cork cells. on the lateral side of the meristem

42
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

consists of a closed body compartment supported from within by fluid pressure

43
Q

Exoskeleton

A

non-living structure that surrounds the body cavity providing support

44
Q

Endoskeleton

A

support structure surrounded by the body tissues, some elects may be living or continuously replaced.

45
Q

Endochondral body

A

the brain basket or endocardium is composed of this. This bone forms as a series of carriages that are later ossified

46
Q

Eukaryotic flagellum

A

an organelle used for powered whip-like movement. Is an ancestral character in animilia.

47
Q

Thin filaments

A

composed of two coiled strands of actin

48
Q

Thick filaments

A

composed of staggered arrays of the motor protein myosin

49
Q

Sarcomere

A
50
Q

Antagonistic muscle pairs

A

pairs of muscles that produce opposite motions allowing for reversible actions
(flexor, extensor)

51
Q

Tendons

A

the motion of skeletal muscle is often extended through them. non-contractile connective tissues connected to the origin or insertion

52
Q

Photosystems

A

functional units photosynthesis composed of reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

53
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation

A

describes light with a wavelength of 400-700 nm

54
Q

Action spectra

A

describe the ability of a plant to absorb light of different wavelengths

55
Q

Reflectance

A

the photon “bounces” of the leaf

56
Q

Absorption

A

the photon is absorbed as. energy by a photosynthetic pigment

57
Q

Transmittance

A

the photon passes through thee leaf

58
Q

Resonance

A

energy is transferred from one photosynthetic pigment in the light-harvesting complex to another

59
Q

Fluorescence

A

energy is emitted from the photosynthetic pigment as heat and a new lower-energy photon (red-shifted light)

60
Q
A

protein complex that catalyzes the fixation of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide

61
Q

Homeostasis

A

describes the maintenance of internal balance within the body of an organism

62
Q

Hormones

A

signaling molecules broadcast through the body by the endocrine system

63
Q

Simple endocrine pathways

A

respond to environmental stimuli using a single hormone to regulate internal responses

64
Q

Stimuli

A

are phenomena that may be perceived by the endocrine cells or by the nervous system (neuroendocrine signaling)

65
Q

Negative feedback

A

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that reduces the initial stimulus condition

tend to promote balance in pathway

66
Q

Positive feedback

A

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that amplifies the initial stimulus condition

Biology (8 decks)

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