Organisation - Blood vessels / Blood / CVD / Cancer

Question 1

What is the role of the arteries?

Answer 1

To carry the blood away from the heart
Artery = A = Away

Question 2

What is the role of capillaries?

Answer 2

These are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

Question 3

What is the role of veins?

Answer 3

To carry the blood to the heart.

Question 4

Arteries branch of into…
Capillaries form…

Answer 4

Arteries branch of into… capillaries
Capillaries form… veins

Question 5

The heart pumps blood through arteries at high pressure.

Explain the features of arteries that help them to do this. (3)

Answer 5

The heart pumps blood through arteries at high pressure.

• As the heart pumps blood at a high pressure, the arteries have thick muscular and strong walls that protect them from bursting.
• Arteries have elastic fibres that allow them to stretch and expand with every heart beat.
• The walls are thick comapred to the size of the lumen.

Question 6

Explain the features of capillaries.

Answer 6

• Capillaries are really small
• They carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them (nutrients and oxygen)
• They take away waste products such as CO2.
• Have single cell thick and permeable walls, providing less distance for substances to diffuse through and increases the rate of diffusion.

Question 7

Blood returns back to the heart through veins.
Explain the features that support the role of veins. (3)

Answer 7

Blood returns back to the heart at low pressure through veins.
* These have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.
* The blood is at low pressure so the walls are thin
* Small layers of elastic fibres
* Smooth muscles
* Have the biggest lumen to help the blood flow despite the low pressure.

Question 8

Write the formula to calculate the rate of blood flow.

Answer 8

volume of blood ÷ number of minutes
ml/min

Question 9

What is the function of blood?
Which substances do our body cells need?

Answer 9

To carry dissolve substances around the body that our body cells need such as oxygen, CO2, glucose and ions (minerals and vitamins)

Question 10

Describe the features of the red blood cells. (4)

Answer 10

• carry oxygen around the body
• They have a red pigment called haemoglobin
• They have a shape of a binconcave disc which provides them with a large surface area to absorb more oxygen / haemoglobin.
• Don’t have a nucleus, giving them even more space to absorb oxygen / haemoglobin.

Question 11

Explain the role of red blood cells / haemoglobin.

What does the haemoglobin bind with in the blood

Answer 11

In the lungs, the haemoglobin binds with the oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin and travels around the body to the tissues where oxyhaemoglobin spilts back into oxygen and haemoglobin so the oxygen can diffuse into the tissues.

Question 12

Describe the structure of platelets. (2)

Answer 12

• Small fragments of cells
• No nucleus

Question 13

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What is the purpose of platelets in the blood?

Answer 13

• They help the blood to clot at the wound to prevent all the blood from pouring out.
• It stops microorganismsfrom getting in.
• They float in the blood, waiting for accidents to happen.
• Lack of platelets cause excessive bleeding and bruising.

Question 14

What is the purpose of plasma in the blood?

Answer 14

It’s a liquid that carries everything in the blood.

• Nutrients like glucose and amino acids that are soluble products of digestion
• Red and white blood cells
• Platelets
• Carbon dioxide from organs to the lungs
• Urea from liver to the kidneys
• Hormones
• Proteins
• Antibodies and antitoxins produced by white blood cells.

Question 15

What type of muscle is the heart?

Answer 15

Cardioc Muscle

Question 16

What is a cardiovascular disease?
give some examples

Answer 16

A disease that affects the blood vessels of the heart.
An example is:
* coronary heart disease tha affects the coronary arteries.
* Heart attacks
* faulty valves
* Heart failure

Question 17

What is cholesterol and why is needed?

Answer 17

It’s a fatty substance that’s required for cells to make cell membranes and it’s needed for growth.

Question 18

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 18

It’s layers of fatty materials (cholesterol) built up inside cornary arteries, making them narrower. It reduces the blood flow through the coronary arteries, resulting into lack of oxygen for the heart muscle and it causes a heart attack.

Question 19

What are the 3 ways to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Answer 19

• A stent is a wire mesh that is placed inside the coronary arteries and expands to widen the artery to allow more blood flow to the heart muscle.
• A statin is a drug that reduces the LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol in the blood.
• Heart by-pass surgery to replace the blocked or narrow arteries with a blood vessel from another part of the body, creating a new pathway for the blood fow to the heart.

Question 20

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?

Answer 20

Advantages:
* The recovery time from the surgery is relatively quick
* It’s effective for a long time as it will remain in place and work
* Holds the blocked artery open so blood can flow easily to the heart

Disadvantages:
* Could lead to blood clot near the stent; the thrombosis.
* Risk of bleeding or further damage to the heart such as an infection
* It doesn’t treat the underlying cause

Question 21

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

Answer 21

Advantages:
* Slows down the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries so blood can flow to the heart easily
* Decreasess bad cholesterol and increases good/healthy cholesterol
* It’s non-invasive (not harmful)
* It’s not expensive
* Prevents other diseases

Disadvantages:
* Side-effects may occur such as headaches, memory loss, liver problems.
* Need to take the drugs for a long time everyday; there is a chance that you may forget at some days
* Their effect is not instant so you need to take it for a long time

Question 22

How can the valves be damaged or weakened?

Answer 22

• Naturally due to old age
• Due to heart attacks
• Due to infections

Question 23

What does the damage of the valves affect its function?

Answer 23

• The damage causes the valves to stiffen which doesn’t open properly which means here will be reduced blood flow.
• The valve may become leaky which means that the blood may cause blood flow in both directions and the blood won’t circulate around the body as effectively as normally.

Question 24

How can faulty valves be treated?
What problem may occur for replacing the faulty valves?

Answer 24

• By replacing them with biological valves, taken from other humans or mammals (cows and pigs)/
• By replacing them with mechanical valves, that are man-made often made of metal.

Replacing a valve is a less drastic than replacing a whole heart but as it’s still a major surgery, there are risks of blood clotting.

Question 25

What is heart failure?

Answer 25

When the heart is unable to pump the blood around the body properly.

Question 26

1) What are artificial hearts?
2) Can these be implanted temporarily or permanently?

Answer 26

1) Artificial hearts are mechanical devices that pumps blood.
2) The artificial heart is temporarily fixed to keep the person alive and wait until a heart donar is found.
It can be permanently fixed which reduces the demand for a heart.

Question 27

What is the advantage of using an artificial heart?
What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

Answer 27

They are less likely t be rejected by the body’s immune system than a donar heart as it’s made from metal and plastic so the body doesn’t recognise that heart as a “foreign” and won’t trigger the immune system.

To fit the artificial heart in the body can cause bleeding and infection.
* they don’t work as healthy as natural ones as parts of the heart could wear out and electrical motor could fail
* the blood can’t flow through artificial hearts that smoothly, causing blood clots and strokes to occur. The patient have to take medications to thin their blood to ensure this doesn’t happen.

Question 28

How can blood be replaced if lots of it is lost?
In what occassion a blood transfusion may not be needed?

Answer 28

Artificial blood is a salt solution Saline (blood substitute) to replace the lost volume of blood,
If it’s safe and no air bubbles are get into blood, then it can keep the person alive, allowing patients to give enough time to produce new blood cells.
If it’s unsafe, then blood transfusion will take place.

The artificial blood can replace the function of red blood cells, meaning there’s no need for blood transfusion.

Question 29

Define health

Answer 29

A state of physical and mental wellbeing.

Question 30

Health and disease

Why are people that have problems with their immune system are more likely to get the infection / disease?

Answer 30

They have an increased chance of suffering from communicable disease as their body is less likely able to defend itself against the pagothens causing diseases

Question 31

Health and disease

What can infections further cause?
give an example

Answer 31

Infections can further cause cancers as they get riggered by the virus / infection.
An infection with HPV can cause cervical cancer in women

Question 32

Health and disease

What problems can immune system reactions that are caused by infection cause in the body?

Answer 32

it can trigger allergic reactions like skin rashes or worsen the symptoms of asthma.

Question 33

Health and disease

How does a health disease impact the individual’s mental health?

Answer 33

Can lead to depression and lack of independency if they’re suffering from severe physical health problem an also causes difficulties in performing everyday activities.

Question 34

List 3 other factors that can affect your health.

Answer 34

• Diet; whether it can provide the required nutrients in the right amount.
• Stress
• Life situation; where you live can affect health as you may have less access the good health care services and which type of food you can afford,
• relationship condition

Question 35

What are the risks factors that can increase the chance of getting a disease?

Answer 35

• Physical activity
• Presence of harmful gases in tha air, causing air pollution
• Development of the country as more developed cities can high more good quality food with lots of nutrients whereas less developed cities can only access a limited amount of food that are bad quality and unfresh.

Question 36

What are the risks factors that can directly cause diseases?

Answer 36

• Smoking damages the walls of arteries and cellsin the lining of the lungs and can directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung cancer & disease.
• Obesity can directly cause type 2 diabetes as it makes the body less reistent to insulin meaning it struggles to control the concentration of the glucoe in the blood.
• Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver disease; affecting the brain function too as it damages the nerve cells and causes the blood to lose its blood.
• Exposure to radiation or sun causes cancer due to the ionising radiation.

Question 37

What factor causes cardiovascular disease?

Answer 37

High fat food and doing no exercise leads to high blood pressure and high bad cholesterol levels causes cardiovascular disease

Question 38

Explain the human and financial cost of non-communicable disease.

Answer 38

• Human cost; lost of people die from this disease every year as they have a lower quality of life and a short lifespan, affecting both suffers and loves ones.
• Financial cost; researching and treating diseases is very expensive. Families may need to move or adapt their homes to help the person with the disease. If the person with disease gives up their work or dies, the family’s income may reduce and they may financially struggle.
  Therefore a reduction in people working affects the whole country’s economy, considering the number of poeple with diseases.

Question 39

How is cancer caused?
How does it occur?

Answer 39

Cancer is caused by uncontrollable growth and division of cells which is a result of changes that occur to the cells and forms a tumor ( a mass of cells).

Question 40

What is meant by benign tumours?

Answer 40

• When the tumor grows until there’s no space
• Stays in one place, the membrane, and doesn’t spread in other tissues.
• It’s not really dangerous or cancerous

Question 41

What is meant by malignant tumours?

Answer 41

• The tumours grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues.
• Cells can break off and spread to other parts of body by travelling through the bloodstream
• Maglinant cells then invade healthy tissues in other parts of body and form secondary tumours
• They are dangerous and cancerous, meaning can be fatal.

Question 42

How can genetics bring the risk factor of cancer into your life?

Answer 42

• You may inherit faulty genes, making you more susceptible to cancer
• Mutations in the BRCA genes have been linked to developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Question 43

What is smoking a risk factor of?

Answer 43

• Lung cancer
• Stomach cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Mouth cancer
• Bowel cancer

Question 44

What is obesity risk factor of?

Answer 44

• Liver cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Bowel cancer

Question 45

What is UV exposure risk factor of?

Answer 45

Skin cancer, due to being exposed to the Sun’s radiation for a long time

Question 46

What is viral infection risk factor of?

Answer 46

Liver cancer from hepatitis B and C