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biology paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

what are the adaptations of muscle cells

A

they contain protein fibers that can change their length and have lots of mitochondria which provide the energy for contraction

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3
Q

what is the purpose of digestion

A

to break down large molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed by into the bloodstream

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4
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A

to produce saliva which contains amylase to break down carbohydrates and food is chewed to break it down

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5
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

the stomach is where the digestion of proteins begins. The stomach contains hydrochloric acid to help the digestion of the proteins. The churning action of the stomach turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area

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6
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

chemicals are released from the liver and pancreas. the pancreas releases enzymes that digest starch and proteins and start the digestion of lipids. The liver releases bile which helps to speed up the digestion of lipids and also neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It absorbs digested molecules into the bloodstream by active transport or diffusion

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6
Q

what is the purpose of an enzyme

A

enzymes catalyse chemical reaction

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7
Q

what is the purpose of an enzyme

A

enzymes catalyse chemical reactions and are large protein molecules with a groove on one side called the active site and this is where the substrate attaches to

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8
Q

what enzyme breaks down proteins

A

proteases which break down amino acids so the body can absorb them and rearrange the amino acids in a different order to make human body cells

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9
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

A

amalayse break down starch into simple sugars

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10
Q

what does a lipid molecule look like

A

it contains a molecule of glycerol attached to multiple molecules of fatty acids and is broken down by the enzyme lipase

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11
Q

what is the function of bile

A

bile converts large lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets. It emulsifies the lipid which massively increases the surface area of the lipid droplets allowing lipase to break it down faster. It can also neutralise the stomach acids increasing the rate of digestion for the lipids

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12
Q

why does the rate of reaction increase as you increase an enzyme catalyses reactions temperature

A

because the substrate and the enzyme are both moving faster so there are more collisions per second

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13
Q

what do we call it when the shape of the active site changes on an enzye

A

the active site becomes denatured if the enzymes conditions change too much. this means that the enzyme can no longer catalyse the reaction

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14
Q

how would you conduct a food test

A

first break down the food using a mortar and pestle then transfer the paste to a beaker and mix it with distilled water to make sure the food dissolves into the distilled water. Then filter the product to remove any food particles

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15
Q

how do you do a test for starch

A

first add 2cm³ of food solution and add iodine which is orange in colour
If starch is present the solution will turn blue-black

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16
Q

how do you test for sugar

A

first add 2cm³ of food solution and add 10cm³ of benedicts solution which is blue in colour and then place into a hot water bath
benedicts solution cannot exactly tell you if sugar is present it only indicates how much
green - small amount of sugar
yellow - more sugar
brick red - lots of sugar
benedicts test only works for reducing sugars such as glucose

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17
Q

how to test for protein

A

first add 2cm³ of food solution and then add biuret solution which is blue in colour
If protein is present then the biuret solution will turn to a purple or lilac colour

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18
Q

how do we test for lipids

A

grind the food using a mortar and pestle but do not filter it as lipid molecules can stick to filer paper. Then add a few drops of distilled water and ethanol then shake gently. If lipids are present the solution will go cloudy as an emulsion has formed. Ethanol is highly flammable

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19
Q

how to test the effect of pH on amylase

A

First get a spotting tile and add one drop of iodine to each well
Then get 2cm³ of starch amylase and a pH buffer solution (to alter the pH) in separate test tubes.Then leave these all in a hot water bath (30 degrees) for 10 minutes so they all reach the correct temperature.
Finally mix them all and add a drop of the solution to the spotting tile every 30 seconds. If it no longer turns blue black then starch is not present. repeat the experiment with different pH buffer solutions

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20
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

it absorbs the products of digestion into the bloodstream

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21
Q

what are the adaptations of the small intestine

A

it is around 5m long so has a large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion.
the small intestine has villi which increase the surface area.
on the surface of villi there are micro villi which increase the surface area further.
they have a good blood supply to rapidly remove the products of digestion which increases the concentration gradient.
they have a thin membrane for a short diffusion path

22
Q

what are the adaptations of an artery

A

they have very thick muscular walls to with stand the high pressure of the blood
they contain elastic fibers to cope with the pulse of the blood bringing in blood in waves

23
Q

what are the adaptations of veins

A

they have thin walls to keep a low pressure
they have valves to stop the back flow of blood

24
Q

what are the adaptation of capillaries

A

thin walls to promote diffusion

25
Q

what is contained within the blood

A

red blood cells , plasma , platelets , white blood cells

26
Q

what is the function of the blood plasma

A

it transports soluble digestion products from the small intestine to the other organs, carbon dioxide and waste products.

27
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

they transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carry it in the haemaglobin which becomes oxyhaemaglobin when it has oxygen in.

28
Q

what are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A

they have no nucleus to make room for the haemaglobin and have a biconcave shape to have a greater surface area to promote diffusion

29
Q

how is donated blood used

A

it can replace blood lost in an injury
some people are given platelets to help blood clotting
proteins from the blood can be useful

30
Q

what are the risks in using a blood donation

A

they have to be the same blood type or the immune system could reject the blood causing the patient to die
it can pass on infections through the blood

31
Q

what is a cardiovascular disease

A

it is a disease of the blood or heart and are non communicable

32
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

coronary arteries branch out from the aorta.
if layers of fat build up inside the coronary arteries causing them to narrow reducing the blood flow causing a lack of oxygen which could cause a heart attack

33
Q

what is a statin

A

a drug that reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood which slows the rate that fatty materials build up however a side effect is liver problems

34
Q

what is a stent

A

it is a tube that is inserted into the artery to keep it open. however it wont prevent other areas of the coronary artery from narrowing

35
Q

what are the different type of valve replacements and what are their advantages

A

mechanical valves are permanent however the patient needs anti clotting drugs whereas a biological valve needs to be replaced

36
Q

what is the problems with a donated heart

A

there are not enough donors and the patient needs to take drugs or the heart wont be accepted by the body

37
Q

what are the problems with an artificial heart

A

they can only be used for a short time and increase the risk of blot clotting

38
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

a cancerous tumor that only occurs in one area and are usually contained within a membrane

39
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

a tumor that can be transported around the body through the bloodstream forming secondary tumors

40
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

a communicable lung disease which can be fatal without a proper immune system

41
Q

what is epidemiology

A

studying patterns of disease to determine risk factors

42
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

a chemical that can damage DNA

42
Q

what are examples of non communicable diseases

A

cardiovascular diseases
type 2 diabetes
Cancer

43
Q

what is fetal alcohol syndrome

A

when a fetus is affected by the parents alcohol intake

44
Q

what is the function of the upper epidermis

A

it has a waxy cuticle to reduce rate of transpiration off of the surface of the leaf. It is transparent to allow sunlight through

45
Q

what is the function of the pallisade mesophyll

A

to conduct photosynthesis

46
Q

what is the function of the spongy mesophyll

A

they have air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the cells from the stomata and also allows oxygen to diffuse out

47
Q

what is the function of the xylem cells

A

it transports water from the roots to the stem and leaves

48
Q

what is the function of phloem cells

A

it transports glucose which could be used and could be stored as starch. The movement of sugars and other molecules through the phloem tissue is called translocation

49
Q

where are meristem tissues found

A

the roots and shoots

50
Q

what is transpiration

A

transpiration starts when water evaporates from the surface of the leaf and then diffuses out of the leaf through the spongy mesophyll and then water replaces it from the xylem. This movement of water is called the transpiration stream

51
Q

why is transpiration needed

A

it allows more water to flow in from the xylem and it transports dissolved mineral ions and cools the leaf down

52
Q

what increases the rate of transpiration

A

temperature , humidity (dry) , wind , light intensity

biology paper 1 (3 decks)

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