Organisation

Question 1

CELLS

• Basic building blocks, make all living organisms.
• Become specialised by differentiation.
• Specialised cells form tissues.

Answer 1

TISSUES

• A group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.
• Can be more than one type of cell.
• Examples in mammals: Muscular tissue, Glandular tissue, Epithelial tissue.

Question 2

ORGANS

• Group of different tissues that work together to perform a function.
• E.g. the stomach is made up of these tissues: Muscular tissue, Glandular tissue, Epithelial tissue.

Answer 2

ORGAN SYSTEMS

• A group of organs working together to perform a function.
• The digestive system is made up of: Pancreas, Salivary Glands, Stomach, Small Intestine, Liver, Large Intestine.

ORGANISMS

-Organ Systems working together.

Question 3

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Made up of:

• Salivary Glands: produce amylase enzyme in the saliva.
• Gullet.
• Stomach: pummels food, produces the protease enzyme, produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and keep at pH2
• Liver: Produces bile to neutralise stomach acid.

Answer 3

• Gall Bladder: where bile is stored.
• Pancreas: produce protease, amylase and lipase enzymes.
• Small Intestine: produce protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion and digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into blood.
• Large Intestine: where excess food is absorbed from the food.
• Rectum: where faeces are stored.

Question 4

HEART

• Flow of blood.
• Function of valves.
• Chambers of the heart.
• Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.

Answer 4

BLOOD

• Red Blood Cells: carry oxygen, biconcave disc shape, large surface area, no nucleus, red pigment haemoglobin.
• White Blood Cells: defend against infection, some take in unwanted microorganisms, others produce antibodies to fight, they do have a nucleus.

Question 5

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

• Coronary arteries get blocked.
• Build up of layers of fatty material.
• Restricts blood flow.
• Lack of oxygen to heart, can cause heart attack.

Answer 5

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

• Cannot be spread between people/animals
• Generally last a long time and get worse over time.
• Examples: Asthma, Cancer, CHD.

Question 6

CANCER

• Caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division.
• Tumours form: Benign and Malignant.
• Benign: grows until there’s no more room, stays in one place, not cancerous.
• Malignant: grows and spreads into neighbouring healthy tissue, travel in bloodstream, travel elsewhere to form secondary tumour, cancerous.

Answer 6

RISK FACTORS

• Smoking.
• Obesity.
• UV exposure.
• Viral Infection.
• Can be genetic.