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Chemistry > Organic Functional Group Conversions > Flashcards

Organic Functional Group Conversions Flashcards

1
Q

How do you convert Alkanes to alkenes?

A

Cracking

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2
Q

How do you convert from alkenes to alkanes?

A

Reacting with hydrogen using a nickel catalyst- addition reaction

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3
Q

How do you convert from alkanes to haloalkanes?

A

React with a halogen under UV light(free radical substitution)

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4
Q

How do you convert alkenes into haloalkanes?

A

React with an aqueous hydrogen halide- addition reaction

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5
Q

How do you convert a haloalkane to an alkene?

A

React with hot potassium hydroxide and an alcoholic solution- elimination reaction

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6
Q

How do you convert a haloalkane to an alcohol?

A

Reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide- substitution reaction

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7
Q

How do you convert a haloalkane to an amine(R-NH2)?

A

Heat with ammonia in a sealed tube- substitution reaction

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8
Q

How do you convert a haloalkane to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?

A

Reflux with KCN and an ethanolic solution- substitution reaction

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9
Q

How do you convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

Distil with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

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10
Q

How do you convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

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11
Q

How do you convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A

Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

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12
Q

How do you convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux under hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

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13
Q

How do you convert from an aldehyde to an alcohol?

A

React with either NaBH4 or LiAlH4(an ether)- reduction reaction

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14
Q

How do you convert a ketone to an alcohol?

A

React with NaBH4 in either an alcoholic or alkaline solution
OR with LiAlH4 in dry ether
Both reduction reactions

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15
Q

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an alcohol?

A

React with LiAlH4 in dry ether- reduction reaction

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16
Q

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amine(R-NH2)?

A

React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction

17
Q

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux under water- hydrolysis

18
Q

How do you convert an alkene to an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)?

A

React with concentrated sulphuric acid- addition reaction

19
Q

How do you convert an alkene to an alcohol?

A

Heat with steam using a hydrogen phosphate catalyst- addition reaction

20
Q

How do you convert an alcohol to an alkene?

A

Either react with aluminium oxide
OR reflux with sulphuric acid
Both elimination reactions

21
Q

How do you convert an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)to an alcohol?

A

Heat with warm water- hydrolysis

22
Q

How do you convert a primary alcohol to an ether(R-O-R)?

A

React with sulphuric acid- elimination reaction

23
Q

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?

A

React with water using an acid/base catalyst- hydrolysis reaction

24
Q

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?

A

Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction

25
Q

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to an amine(R-NH2)?

A

React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction

26
Q

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?

A

Heat with sulphuric acid- hydrolysis

27
Q

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride (C[=O]-Cl)?

A

Reflux under SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5- substitution reaction

28
Q

How do you convert an acyl chloride (C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?

A

Add water- hydrolysis

29
Q

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R)?

A

Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction

30
Q

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux under water- hydrolysis

31
Q

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?

A

Reflux under an ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux under an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction

32
Q

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?

A

Reflux with an anhydrous alcohol- acylation reaction

33
Q

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?

A

React with a concentrated alcohol using a sulphuric acid catalyst- esterification

34
Q

How do you convert an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) to a carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux under H+ ions or OH- ions- hydrolysis

35
Q

How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an amide (R-C[=O]-Cl)?

A

React with concentrated ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux with an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction

36
Q

How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) ?

A

React with an alcohol- acylation reaction

Chemistry (7 decks)

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