Organic Functional Group Conversions

Question 1

How do you convert Alkanes to alkenes?

Answer 1

Cracking

Question 2

How do you convert from alkenes to alkanes?

Answer 2

Reacting with hydrogen using a nickel catalyst- addition reaction

Question 3

How do you convert from alkanes to haloalkanes?

Answer 3

React with a halogen under UV light(free radical substitution)

Question 4

How do you convert alkenes into haloalkanes?

Answer 4

React with an aqueous hydrogen halide- addition reaction

Question 5

How do you convert a haloalkane to an alkene?

Answer 5

React with hot potassium hydroxide and an alcoholic solution- elimination reaction

Question 6

How do you convert a haloalkane to an alcohol?

Answer 6

Reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide- substitution reaction

Question 7

How do you convert a haloalkane to an amine(R-NH2)?

Answer 7

Heat with ammonia in a sealed tube- substitution reaction

Question 8

How do you convert a haloalkane to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?

Answer 8

Reflux with KCN and an ethanolic solution- substitution reaction

Question 9

How do you convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

Answer 9

Distil with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

Question 10

How do you convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 10

Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

Question 11

How do you convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

Answer 11

Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

Question 12

How do you convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 12

Reflux under hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction

Question 13

How do you convert from an aldehyde to an alcohol?

Answer 13

React with either NaBH4 or LiAlH4(an ether)- reduction reaction

Question 14

How do you convert a ketone to an alcohol?

Answer 14

React with NaBH4 in either an alcoholic or alkaline solution
OR with LiAlH4 in dry ether
Both reduction reactions

Question 15

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an alcohol?

Answer 15

React with LiAlH4 in dry ether- reduction reaction

Question 16

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amine(R-NH2)?

Answer 16

React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction

Question 17

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 17

Reflux under water- hydrolysis

Question 18

How do you convert an alkene to an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)?

Answer 18

React with concentrated sulphuric acid- addition reaction

Question 19

How do you convert an alkene to an alcohol?

Answer 19

Heat with steam using a hydrogen phosphate catalyst- addition reaction

Question 20

How do you convert an alcohol to an alkene?

Answer 20

Either react with aluminium oxide
OR reflux with sulphuric acid
Both elimination reactions

Question 21

How do you convert an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)to an alcohol?

Answer 21

Heat with warm water- hydrolysis

Question 22

How do you convert a primary alcohol to an ether(R-O-R)?

Answer 22

React with sulphuric acid- elimination reaction

Question 23

How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?

Answer 23

React with water using an acid/base catalyst- hydrolysis reaction

Question 24

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?

Answer 24

Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction

Question 25

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to an amine(R-NH2)?

Answer 25

React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction

Question 26

How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 26

Heat with sulphuric acid- hydrolysis

Question 27

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride (C[=O]-Cl)?

Answer 27

Reflux under SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5- substitution reaction

Question 28

How do you convert an acyl chloride (C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 28

Add water- hydrolysis

Question 29

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R)?

Answer 29

Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction

Question 30

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 30

Reflux under water- hydrolysis

Question 31

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?

Answer 31

Reflux under an ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux under an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction

Question 32

How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?

Answer 32

Reflux with an anhydrous alcohol- acylation reaction

Question 33

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?

Answer 33

React with a concentrated alcohol using a sulphuric acid catalyst- esterification

Question 34

How do you convert an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 34

Reflux under H+ ions or OH- ions- hydrolysis

Question 35

How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an amide (R-C[=O]-Cl)?

Answer 35

React with concentrated ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux with an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction

Question 36

How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) ?

Answer 36

React with an alcohol- acylation reaction