Organic Functional Group Conversions Flashcards
How do you convert Alkanes to alkenes?
Cracking
How do you convert from alkenes to alkanes?
Reacting with hydrogen using a nickel catalyst- addition reaction
How do you convert from alkanes to haloalkanes?
React with a halogen under UV light(free radical substitution)
How do you convert alkenes into haloalkanes?
React with an aqueous hydrogen halide- addition reaction
How do you convert a haloalkane to an alkene?
React with hot potassium hydroxide and an alcoholic solution- elimination reaction
How do you convert a haloalkane to an alcohol?
Reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide- substitution reaction
How do you convert a haloalkane to an amine(R-NH2)?
Heat with ammonia in a sealed tube- substitution reaction
How do you convert a haloalkane to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?
Reflux with KCN and an ethanolic solution- substitution reaction
How do you convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Distil with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction
How do you convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction
How do you convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone?
Reflux with hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction
How do you convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux under hydrogen ions and dichromate ions- oxidation reaction
How do you convert from an aldehyde to an alcohol?
React with either NaBH4 or LiAlH4(an ether)- reduction reaction
How do you convert a ketone to an alcohol?
React with NaBH4 in either an alcoholic or alkaline solution
OR with LiAlH4 in dry ether
Both reduction reactions
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an alcohol?
React with LiAlH4 in dry ether- reduction reaction
How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amine(R-NH2)?
React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction
How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux under water- hydrolysis
How do you convert an alkene to an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)?
React with concentrated sulphuric acid- addition reaction
How do you convert an alkene to an alcohol?
Heat with steam using a hydrogen phosphate catalyst- addition reaction
How do you convert an alcohol to an alkene?
Either react with aluminium oxide
OR reflux with sulphuric acid
Both elimination reactions
How do you convert an alkyl hydrogensulphate(C-OSO3H)to an alcohol?
Heat with warm water- hydrolysis
How do you convert a primary alcohol to an ether(R-O-R)?
React with sulphuric acid- elimination reaction
How do you convert a nitrile(C triple bond N) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?
React with water using an acid/base catalyst- hydrolysis reaction
How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a nitrile(C triple bond N)?
Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction
How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to an amine(R-NH2)?
React with LiAlH4 (ether)- reduction reaction
How do you convert an amide(C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?
Heat with sulphuric acid- hydrolysis
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride (C[=O]-Cl)?
Reflux under SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5- substitution reaction
How do you convert an acyl chloride (C[=O]-NH2) to a carboxylic acid?
Add water- hydrolysis
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R)?
Distil under P2O5- elimination reaction
How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux under water- hydrolysis
How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an amide(C[=O]-NH2)?
Reflux under an ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux under an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction
How do you convert an acid anhydride (R-C[=O]-O-C[=O]-R) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?
Reflux with an anhydrous alcohol- acylation reaction
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R)?
React with a concentrated alcohol using a sulphuric acid catalyst- esterification
How do you convert an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux under H+ ions or OH- ions- hydrolysis
How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an amide (R-C[=O]-Cl)?
React with concentrated ammonia to give a primary amide or reflux with an amine to give a secondary amide- acylation reaction
How do you convert an acyl chloride (R-C[=O]-Cl) to an ester (R-C[=O]-O-R) ?
React with an alcohol- acylation reaction