Oral disease, disorders, oral flora and fauna, bacteria, viruses, fungi, candida albicans-the role of micro organisms

Question 1

What are external factors
2 example

Answer 1

External factors- something from outside the body

bacteria, virus, toxins, malnutrition, parasites, radiation

Question 2

What are Internal factors

Answer 2

internal body system e.g. genetic diseases/defects, cancers

Question 3

Properties Prokaryotes

Answer 3

.No organised nucleus, no nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
•Have tiny flagella
•Need energy
•An external factor
•Smallest organism capable of growing and reproducing independently

Question 4

Properties of Bacteria

Answer 4

•Most bacteria live in or on their food
•Produce and release enzymes which digest food outside the cell
•Bacteria then reabsorb liquid products of digestion
•This is saprophytic nutrition

•Can be useful and harmless
•Can be harmful – pathogens

Question 5

What are the 3 types of Bacteria

Answer 5

1.Bacilli (rod-shaped)
2.Cocci (spherical)
3.Spirilli (helical)

Question 6

Examples of harmful bacteria

Answer 6

Streptococcus pyogenes- causes tonsillitis, strep throat and scarlet fever

Question 7

Streptococcus

Answer 7

Streptococcus mutans- bacteria present in plaque and the main causative organism of dental caries

Streptococci make up a large amount of the microorganisms in the mouth

Question 8

Treatment of bacterial infections

Answer 8

Vaccinations- a preventative medicine that are always specific to a particular bacterial disease. There is no single vaccine for all bacteria
•Antibiotics- a treatment for an active bacterial infection e.g. penicillin.
Many different types of antibiotic, the correct choice depending on the bacterial disease.
Broad spectrum antibiotics are used when the exact bacteria is not identified

Question 9

Treatment of bacterial infections

Answer 9

Antibiotics are used with in the body to attack bacteria

Question 10

Factors of VIRUSES

Answer 10

Smallest life form existing
•Not even a single cell. A tiny part of a cell
•Are smaller than bacteria
•Consist mainly of strand like RNA
•Cannot survive without a host cell
•Are infectious microbes
•Are not alive (in the sense that they do not feed, generate energy or waste)

Question 11

Vaccinations against viruses

Answer 11

Successful vaccines against viruses include smallpox, chicken pox, measles, mumps, rubella
•Virus vaccines teach the body’s immune system how to recognise virus infected cells

Question 12

Fungi factors

Answer 12

Fungal conditions in humans are rarely harmful, unless there is a severely weakened immune system
•Fungi are normally kept in check by the balance and competition with harmless bacteria
•Antibiotics kill these bacteria which can allow the fungus to grow rapidly and produce disease symptoms

Question 13

Treatment for fungi

Answer 13

Anti fungal creams
•Anti fungal pills

Question 14

differnces between cross infection and cross contamination

Answer 14

Cross infection:
*Transfer of microorganisms from a person/object to another person that results in infection
Cross contamination:
*Transfer of microorganisms from a person or object to another person that may or may not result in infection

Question 15

Control of transfer of microorganisms

Answer 15

Infection control procedures:
•Prevent cross contamination that could result in infection
•It is impossible to know the infectious status of patients
•Therefore universal precautions should result in universal infection control

Question 16

What is the Transmission of infection

Answer 16

Source of infection

Mode of disease transmission

A route of entry

Question 17

Transmission of infection

Answer 17

•People with an obvious infection
•People incubating an infection
•Convalescent carriers
•Asymptomatic carriers

Question 18

Mode of disease transmission

Answer 18

Direct contact- patients mouth
•Indirect contact- items contaminated with the patient’s microorganisms
•Droplet infection- sprays or splashes containing microorganisms

Question 19

Transmission of infection

Answer 19

Route of entry-
•Inhalation- aerosol particles
•Ingestion- swallowing droplets of saliva/blood
•Mucous membranes- saliva/blood droplets spattered into eyes, nose or mouth
•Breaks in the skin

Question 20

What happens when u post contaminated impression

Answer 20

Posting contaminated impressions
•Should be fully labelled and packaged as to what they are
•Can be delayed for several days before cast
•Microbes can survive for extended periods outside the human host if the environment is moist
•These can potentially multiply

Question 21

Disinfection of Impressions

Answer 21

•Immediately after removal from the mouth

•According to manufacturers instructions

•Label accordingly to show that disinfection has taken place

Question 22

Disinfection of Impressions process

Answer 22

Thorough rinsing – removes organic material e.g. saliva and blood
•Disinfection – by either
➢Spraying – cheaper and faster but generates infected aerosols and may not cover consistently
➢Dipping – dipped and wrapped in damp gauze, consistent coverage, time consuming
➢Immersion – reliable results, time consuming, can have adverse effects on materials
•Rinsing – removes excess disinfection, reduction in damage to materials

Question 23

Potential Transfer of Infection within the Dental Laboratory

Answer 23

Surface to surface contact
•Impressions
•Models
•Articulators
•Unwashed hands
•Flasks
•Handpieces and burs
•Polishing lathe, brushes and pumice
•Microorganisms can remain viable for up to 7 days.

Question 24

Role of Dentistry within the Healthcare Team

Answer 24

•Good general health
•Good oral hygiene
•Regular dental checks
•Good dental education from an early age
•Orthodontics
•Prevention better than cure
•Maxillofacial/cancer clinics
•Management of appliances/obturators

Question 25

Streptococci

Answer 25

Streptococci make up a large amount of the microorganisms in the mouth