Opioid analgesics

Question 1

Pain is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that serve to alert an individual to actual and potential tissue damaged caused by what?

Answer 1

1. Exposure to noxious, chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli (e.g. acids, pressure, percussion, and extreme heat).
2. Presence of pathologic process (tumour, muscle spasm, inflammmation, nerve damage, organ damage, organ distention, or other mechanism that activates nociceptors on sensory neurons).

Question 2

Analgesics or drugs that relieve pain are used for what?

Answer 2

Analgesics or drugs that relieve pain are used for symptomatic treatment of pain from a wide variety of disease states, ranging from acute and chronic physical injuries to terminal cancer.

Question 3

where does the opioid act?

Answer 3

Act primarily in the spinal cord and brain to inhibit neurotransmission of pain

Question 4

where does the non-opioid act?

Answer 4

Act primarily in peripheral tisssues to inhibit the formation of algogenic or pain-producing substances such as prostaglandins.

Question 5

What does the non-opioid exhibits?

Answer 5

Exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity, they are called NSAIDs

Question 6

List 3 origin of pain

Answer 6

1. Somatic pain
2. Visceral pain
3. Neuropathic pain

Question 7

Explain the somatic pain

Answer 7

The pain that often well localised to specific dermal, subcutaneous, or musculoskeletal tissue.

Question 8

Explain the visceral pain

Answer 8

Visceral pain originating in thoracic or abdominal structures is often poorly localised and may be referred to somatic structures.

Question 9

Cardiac pain is often refered to what?

Answer 9

Chin, neck, shoulder, or arm

Question 10

explain the neuropathic pain

Answer 10

pain that is caused by nerve damage, such as that resulting from nerve compression or inflammation, or from diabetes. Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), prostherpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia

Question 11

Explain the selection of analgesic or anaesthetic agent use?

Answer 11

The selection depend on description of the pain in terms of its intensity, duration, and location.
Intense, sharp, or stinging pain.
Dull, burning, or aching pain.
These 2 types of pain are transmitted by different types of neurons and their primary afferent fibres.

Question 12

List 3 types of primary afferent neurons

Answer 12

1. A-gamma (fast)
2. C (slow)
3. A-beta

Question 13

Ascending pathway know as?

Answer 13

Spinothalamic

Question 14

Explain the ascending pathways of fast and slow primary afferent neuron

Answer 14

1. Fast- Neospinothalamic (lateral)
2. Slow- Paleospinothalamic (ventral, anterior)

Question 15

list the projections of fast afferent neuron

Answer 15

Reticular formation, thalamus and sensory cortex

Question 16

List the projections of slow primary afferent neuron

Answer 16

Thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and limbic structures

Question 17

List the type of pain for each primary afferent neuron

Answer 17

1. Fast- intense, sharp, stinging pain
2. Slow- Dull, burning, aching pain
3. A-Beta- Gate control for pain

Question 18

what is the function of fast primary afferent neuron

Answer 18

Pain localization and withdrawal reflexes

Question 19

what is the function of slow primary afferent neuron

Answer 19

Autonomic reflexes, pain memory and pain discomfort