Opioid analgesics Flashcards
What effect do opioid analgesics have on respiratory rate?
Opioid analgesics increase respiratory rate. They are known to cause respiratory depression.
Post-operation, what effect are opioids known to cause?
- excessive sedation
- respiratory depression
- ileus formation (hard time moving things through the intestine
- diarrhoea
- vomiting
- convulsions
- euphoria, dysphoria
What drug can not be given to pregnant women for hypertension?
- linisopril (ACE inhibitor); comes under class X of drugs
What is the first line of treatment for pulmonary hypertension?
Administer prostaglandin analogue (PGI2) ie. prostacyclin.
- this causes vasodilation of pulmonary artery = less resistance = lower blood pressure
What is scleroderma?
Thickening and hardening of skin + connective tissue
Name 2 drugs that can be used to treat hypertension in pregnant women
- nitroprusside
- labetolol
- hydralazine
a 65- year-old woman with severe pulmonary hypertension is undergoing right heart catheterisation + receiving inhaled NO to assess hemodynamics and right heart pressures while it is administered. After receiving NO, the mean arterial pressure drops from 40 mmHg to 25 mmHg. What enzyme is likely being induced by this therapy?
- Guanylyl cyclase is being induced.
- Nitric oxide is normally produced in the endothelium of blood vessels by endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
- this stimulates guanylate cyclase to make cGMP = relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels
- soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) can be activated by soluble guanylate cyclase activators (drugs)
- production of cGMP = less intracellular Ca2+ + less muscle contraction
- cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG) = relaxtion of smooth muscle
What are the receptors that opioid analgesics target?
- kappa
- mu
- delta
List 5 phenylpiperidine derived opioid analgesic drugs.
- Fentanyl
- Remifentanil
- Alfentanil
- Sufentanil
- Meperidine
What is tramadol?
opioid analgesic
- phenypropylamine derivative
Name examples of phenylpropylamine opioid analgesics.
Tramadol
Tapentadol
Name mixed opioid analgesic agonist/antagonist(s)
- pentazocine
- nalbuphine
- butorphanol
- buprenorphine (partial agonist/antagonist)
Name 3 phenanthrene opioid analgesics.
- morphine
- hydromorphone
- oxymorphone
- codeine
- hydrocodone
- oxycodon
- levorphanol
- Buprenorphine
- Nalbuphine
- Butorphanol
- Naloxone
What is naloxone?
- opioid receptor antagonist
- used to reduce effects of opioid overdose
What are the natural forms of opioids?
- Morphine
- Codeine
