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1
Q

What is the capitalist motivation for transforming the labor process?

A

To maximize productivity and profitability, driven by organizational restructuring, technological advancements, and new forms of surveillance and control.

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2
Q

What is Foucault’s definition of ‘Subject’?

A

Individuals are subject to control and dependence by another, and they form their identity through self-awareness influenced by societal norms and power relations.
Tied to one’s own identity: emphasizes the relationship between individuals and their self-identity. Individuals are not only controlled by external powers but also have a sense of self-knowledge and conscience that ties them to their own identity.

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3
Q

What is coercive power?

A

Earlier forms of power relying on direct control, such as surveillance and deskilling via Taylorism.

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4
Q

What are examples of coercive power?

A

Use of punch clocks to dictate working hours and company spies to identify troublemakers and union sympathizers.

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5
Q

How do workers resist coercive power?

A

Through actions such as sabotaging machines, working to rule, and participating in strikes.

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6
Q

What does power as consent entail?

A

It operates both top-down, where corporations indoctrinate employees, and bottom-up, where employees engage in self-discipline.

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7
Q

What is an example of power as consent?

A

Culture boot camps.

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8
Q

What is governmentality according to Foucault?

A

It refers to how power influences individuals’ behavior and thinking by promoting norms and values that people internalize.

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9
Q

What is an example of governmentality in organizations?

A

Stress management workshops that encourage employees to manage their own well-being.

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10
Q

How is organizational communication related to power and resistance?

A

Communication shapes organizational realities and is a medium through which power struggles are enacted.

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11
Q

What do dialectic dynamics refer to?

A

The ongoing interaction between opposing forces, such as power and resistance, that leads to change and development.

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12
Q

What is Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management?

A

Aimed to improve efficiency through scientific analysis of tasks, focusing on optimizing processes and worker selection.

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13
Q

What are the main benefits of Taylor’s Scientific Management?

A

Higher wages for workers, reduced costs for employers, and national economic growth.

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14
Q

What is the Task Idea introduced by Taylor?

A

Breaking work down into individual tasks that managers control and monitor closely.

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15
Q

What is the critique from the Human Relations School?

A

Classical management neglects human needs, leading to dissatisfaction and low morale.

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16
Q

What is normative control in organizations?

A

Influencing employees’ attitudes and behaviors through norms and culture rather than direct supervision.

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17
Q

What is Weber’s theory of rationalization?

A

The shift toward efficiency, predictability, and calculability in organizational structures.

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18
Q

What are Weber’s three types of authority?

A

Traditional, Charismatic, and Rational-Legal authority.

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19
Q

What is bureaucracy as rational-legal authority?

A

An ideal organization characterized by formal rules, hierarchical structures, and clearly defined roles.

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20
Q

What is the span of control?

A

The number of people who report to one manager in a hierarchy.

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21
Q

What is normative control?

A

Normative control governs behavior through accepted patterns of action rather than written policies, using values and beliefs called norms.

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22
Q

What is the concept of internalization in normative control?

A

Internalization is when individuals make social norms their own.

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23
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity in the military context?

A

Hegemonic masculinity associates combat with traits like physical strength and aggression, influencing resistance to gender equality.

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24
Q

What are the four sites of power in organizations?

A

The four sites are power in the organization, power through the organization, power over the organization, and power against the organization.

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25
Q

What is the difference between episodic and systemic power?

A

Episodic power involves visible acts of coercion and manipulation, while systemic power operates subtly through institutional norms.

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26
Q

What is the process of institutionalization?

A

Institutionalization involves habituation, reciprocal typification, legitimation, and objectification, leading to fixed patterns of behavior.

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27
Q

How can cover-up culture be revealed?

A

Through an external committee or by whistle-blowers who expose company cover-ups.

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28
Q

What is hegemonic power?

A

Hegemony refers to the widespread influence of a system of values and beliefs that support the status quo.

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29
Q

What is workplace surveillance?

A

The monitoring of employee performance and behaviors using tools like CCTV and biometric data.

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30
Q

Why do employers justify workplace surveillance?

A

To protect assets, ensure productivity, and minimize legal risks.

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31
Q

What is function creep in workplace surveillance?

A

When surveillance technologies are expanded beyond their original purpose, tracking personal data and behaviors.

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32
Q

What are the negative effects of excessive monitoring?

A

It can invade privacy, increase stress, and erode trust between employees and management.

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33
Q

What is participatory surveillance?

A

Surveillance that encourages employees to engage with footage, fostering self-awareness and care.

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34
Q

What is the psychological view of community in collaborative work settings?

A

It emphasizes emotional bonds and personal transformation rather than just functional efficiency.

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35
Q

What is the paradox of purpose and connectedness?

A

Striving for purpose can motivate workers but may also lead to burnout when personal and professional boundaries blur.

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36
Q

What are normative and neo-normative controls?

A

Normative control seeks conformity to organizational norms, while neo-normative control encourages authenticity within organizational objectives.

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37
Q

What is the issue with democratic organizations?

A

Democratic leadership can be inefficient, leading to unclear problem-solving responsibilities and prolonged consensus-building.

38
Q

What is the ethical argument for democratizing work?

A

Workers should participate in decisions affecting their lives, contradicting their disempowerment as mere resources.

39
Q

What is the firm/state analogy?

A

Firms function as political entities with two classes of investors—shareholders investing capital and workers investing their lives—implying that workers should participate in decisions that affect them.

40
Q

What is the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework?

A

The TBL framework encourages organizations to focus on three key areas of performance: People, Planet, and Profit.

41
Q

What is affective control in collaborative work?

A

It refers to the leadership figure being replaced by the community, fostering collective identity and driving intrinsic motivation, engagement, and accountability.

42
Q

What is jouissance in the workplace?

A

Jouissance refers to the affective control that operates through the paradoxical tensions between pleasure and pain.

43
Q

What is the ethical argument for organizational democracy?

A

It suggests that we need the opinions of the people who actually work, aligning with social and environmental arguments like the Triple Bottom Line.

44
Q

What does Complexity Leadership Theory (CLT) propose?

A

CLT proposes a new perspective on leadership for the Knowledge Era, emphasizing adaptive leadership through interactions of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS).

45
Q

What are Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)?

A

CAS are networks of interacting agents that evolve and adapt, enhancing creativity, learning, and adaptability.

46
Q

What is the difference between Administrative and Enabling Leadership?

A

Administrative Leadership focuses on top-down control, while Enabling Leadership facilitates conditions for adaptive leadership.

47
Q

What is the main focus of Adaptive Leadership?

A

Adaptive Leadership emerges from dynamic interactions between agents, fostering innovative solutions and adaptability.

48
Q

What does Lumby explore regarding distributed leadership?

A

Lumby explores its popularity as a response to demands for more inclusive leadership but expresses skepticism about its effectiveness in addressing power imbalances.

49
Q

What are the challenges of distributed leadership in practice?

A

Resistance may stem from persistent power structures that limit true autonomy despite the model’s promise of empowerment.

50
Q

What does Stogdill’s great man theory state?

A

It suggests that leaders are born, not created, possessing special skills and traits that contribute to organizational efficiency.

51
Q

What is the difference between Transactional and Transformational leadership?

A

Transactional leadership is performance-based and reactive, while Transformational leadership is proactive and focuses on inspiring followers.

52
Q

What is Servant Leadership?

A

Servant Leadership prioritizes the well-being and growth of followers, emphasizing engagement through collaboration.

53
Q

What is the central paradox of organizations according to Vaughan?

A

Organizations aim to create order but often produce uncertainty and unintended outcomes due to their complexity.

54
Q

What is structural secrecy?

A

It refers to how organizational design limits the flow of information, creating isolated pockets of knowledge.

55
Q

How do organizations function as meso-level structures?

A

Organizations mediate between macro-level societal factors and micro-level interpersonal interactions, influencing knowledge production.

56
Q

What is the significance of organizations as epistemic settings?

A

Organizations shape how scientific and technical knowledge is produced and influence the construction of facts and decisions.

57
Q

What are structural barriers to knowledge sharing?

A

Structural secrecy can impede communication and lead to disordered knowledge, exacerbating uncertainty.

58
Q

What is a paradox?

A

A paradox is a thought-provoking contrast or contradiction in a problematic situation.

59
Q

What is a logical paradox?

A

A logical paradox involves confronting two contradictory propositions led by an apparently sound argument.

60
Q

What is the paradox of power?

A

The paradox of power suggests that being nice is the best path to power, but achieving power can turn people nasty.

61
Q

What are Poole’s responses to dealing with paradoxes?

A

Responses include denial, cosmetic actions, selection, alternation, segmentation, and transcendence.

62
Q

What is organizational deviance?

A

Organizational deviance refers to actions that depart from formal goals or normative standards, resulting in undesirable outcomes.

63
Q

What is acceptable risk?

A

Acceptable risk is a level of risk considered manageable where potential benefits outweigh possible negative consequences.

64
Q

What are the eight signs of groupthink?

A

Signs include illusion of invulnerability, pressure on dissenters, fear of disapproval, illusion of unanimity, stereotyping the opposition, belief in group morality, self-appointed mindguards, and rationalizing warnings.

65
Q

What approaches can help address groupthink?

A

Investing in diversity, encouraging multiple viewpoints, and fostering organizational learning can mitigate groupthink.

66
Q

What is Bourdieu’s view on social class?

A

Bourdieu views class as a means of forming groups, shaping inequality, identity, and social action.

67
Q

What is polycentric governance?

A

Polycentric governance is a decentralized approach where multiple actors collectively govern resources through cooperation.

68
Q

How does polycentric governance apply to circular economy systems?

A

It facilitates sustainable use and reuse of resources by coordinating efforts among diverse actors.

69
Q

What challenges exist in managing privately owned residual resources?

A

Challenges include lack of resource information, scale issues, and disconnected governance mechanisms.

70
Q

What are core elements of polycentric governance to overcome challenges?

A

Core elements include mutual adjustments, collective agency, and structures for resource sharing.

71
Q

What are the consequences of greater social class diversity in corporate leadership?

A

Consequences include more inclusive decision-making and increased social mobility.

72
Q

What is the focus of Total Shareholder Return (TSR)?

A

TSR focuses on short-term financial outcomes, often favoring leaders from privileged backgrounds.

73
Q

What are the environmental concerns associated with AI?

A

AI contributes to large emissions of carbon dioxide.

74
Q

What is the circular economy (CE)?

A

The CE promotes a closed-loop system where waste and residual resources are reused to minimize environmental impact.

75
Q

What is the role of polycentric governance in the circular economy?

A

It encourages coordination among various actors to manage resources collectively and sustainably.

76
Q

Why is climate change considered a super-wicked problem according to Wright & Nyberg?

A

It is super-wicked due to the urgency for immediate action, the dual role of corporations as both contributors and potential solutions, and the lack of a central authority to enforce climate action.

77
Q

What does New Corporate Environmentalism (NCE) refer to?

A

NCE refers to proactive environmental efforts by companies, such as eco-efficiency and green innovation, which produce measurable changes but often prioritize profit over systemic environmental changes.

78
Q

What are the three stages of the ‘translation’ process in corporate environmental efforts?

A
  1. Framing: Climate change is seen as a business opportunity. 2. Localizing: Climate activities are integrated into business operations tied to profitability. 3. Normalizing: Climate initiatives are diluted, returning to business-as-usual.
79
Q

What limitations do businesses face in addressing climate change?

A

Businesses are primarily driven by short-term profits, leading to weakened environmental commitments over time. Stronger government intervention is necessary for effective climate change solutions.

80
Q

What is regulatory risk in the context of climate change?

A

Regulatory risk refers to the potential for legislation regulating carbon emissions, such as carbon taxes or mandatory restrictions.

81
Q

What are some responses to market risk related to climate change?

A

Responses include market scanning for competitive threats and the potential to invest in green technologies through acquisitions.

82
Q

What is reputational risk for companies concerning climate change?

A

Reputational risk is the danger that consumers perceive a company’s activities as environmentally harmful, leading to declining sales and reputation.

83
Q

What are the responses to physical risk from climate change?

A

Responses include climate modeling, scenario planning, supply chain collaboration, and developing emergency strategies for extreme weather events.

84
Q

How do firms frame climate change to address business growth and environmental responsibility?

A

Firms reframe climate change as a business-friendly issue to reconcile conflicting goals.

85
Q

What challenges exist in implementing circular economy systems?

A

Challenges include a lack of perceived value for residual materials, lack of scale, reluctance to share resource information, and insufficient governance mechanisms.

86
Q

What are mutual adjustments for collaboration in circular economy systems?

A

Mutual adjustments involve role modifications, governance logic adjustments, and temporal frame adjustments to enhance collaboration among actors.

87
Q

What practices can foster collective agency in addressing climate change?

A

Practices include enabling information sharing, implementing protocols for collective decision-making, and building avenues for sharing systemic knowledge.

88
Q

What structures are necessary for sharing resources in circular economy systems?

A

Structures include supporting diverse governance units, developing long-term collective plans, and creating platforms for resource sharing.

89
Q

What is cosmolocalism?

A

Cosmolocalism is the convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing and automation technologies.

90
Q

Can you provide an example of cosmolocalism?

A

Examples include open bionics, the drivers cooperative, and energy communities.

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