O Flashcards
What cancers are associated with the following Oncoviruses?
- EBV
- HPV 16, 18
- HHV 8
- Hep B Virus
- Hep C Virus
- HTLV-1
Causes of spinal cord injury
Trauma - direct blunt trauma or disc protrusion
Neoplasia - rare direct invasion, pathological vertebral fractures
Inflammation - Rheumatoid/ OA eg osteophytes compressing nerve roots
Vascular - stroke, aortic dissection complication
Infection - TB, epidural abscesses
Spinal Cord Tracts & anatomy
NB - 70-75% of corticospinal tract fibres decussate at medulla (those supplying the limbs); the axial fibres do not decussate until spinal level
Phases of cell cycle
Roles of nitric oxide
Produced from L-arginine, acts on guanate cyclase -> ^cGMP
- Vasodilation - mainly venodilation
- Inhibits platelet aggregation
- Inducible form in macrophages
- Inhibits leucocyte chemotaxis
- Inhibits SMC proliferation and migration
NB GTN metabolised to NO
Noonan’s syndrome features
Noon-ans 12pm - Chromosome 12
Male Turners with normal karyotype
- webbed neck, widely spaced nipples, short stature, pectus carinatum/excavatum
Cardiac - pulmonary stenosis
Ptosis
Triangle shape face
Low set ears
Coag - FXI deficiency
Characteristics of IgG
Monomer
Most abundant immunoglobulin
Half life 23 days
- Enables phagocytosis via opsonisation/agglutination
- Initiates complement, PASSES PLACENTA
- antibody mediated cell toxicity
- toxin/viral neutralisation
Characteristics of IgA
Monomer/Dimer
- abundant in breast milk
- Mucosal surfaces - localised protection
- Intracellular transport via transcytosis
Characteristics of IgM
Pentamer
- First to be secreted in response to infection
- Initiates complement
- DOES NOT pass to fetal circulation
Characteristics of IgE
Least abundant circulating immunoglobulin
Monomer
Mediates T1 hypersensitivity rxns
Synthesised by plasma cells
Mast cell degranulation via Fc receptor binding
Characteristics of IgD
Monomer
B cell activation but otherwise role largely unknown
Differences between MHC classes
MHC Class I
- Present endogenous peptides (either self or non-self)
- Presents to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
- Exist on any nucleated cell
MHC Class II
- Presents exogenous peptides
- Presents to CD4+ helper T cells
- Exist on APCs only (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
List the CD markers presented by the following cell types:
HSCs
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells
B cells
Macrophages
NK cells
HSCs - CD38
Helper T cells - CD4 + TCR, CD3, CD28
Cytotoxic T cells - CD8 + TCR, CD3, CD28
Regulatory T cells - CD4/CD25 + TCR, CD3, CD28
B cells - CD19, CD20, CD40, MHC II, B7
Macrophages - CD14, CD40, MHC II, B7
NK cells - CD16, CD56
Function of following CD molecules:
CD1; CD2; CD3; CD4; CD5; CD8; CD14; CD15; CD16; CD21; CD28; CD45; CD56; CD95
Roles of the following cytokines:
IL1 IL2 IL3 IL4
IL5 IL6 IL8
Hot T Bone stEAk or Fish TO BE EATEN
IL1 - fever
IL2 - T cell activation
IL3 - BM stimulation via G-CSF
IL4 - IgE
IL5 - IgA, eosinophilia
IL6 - temperature elevation
IL8 - neutrophil chemotaxis
Which antibiotics interfere with:
- Cell wall synthesis
- DNA synthesis (topoisomerase)
- DNA (damages it)
- Ribosomal 30s subunit
- Ribosomal 50s subunit
- Folic acid production (Dihydropterate synthase)
- Folic acid production (Dihydrofolate reductase)
- RNA polymerase
Causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis
Normal anion gap 4-12mmol/L , 8-16 in older assays (flame photometry)
