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Gross Anatomy > Nutrition Exam 1 > Flashcards

Nutrition Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what molecules are carbs made of?

A

C H O

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2
Q

Whats the primary component in feed?

A

Carbs

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3
Q

Name the important Monsaccarhide carbs?

A

Fructose and Glucose (hexoses)

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4
Q

Name the important disacharide carbs?

A

Sucrose

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5
Q

Name the important polysacharide carb?

A

Cellulose and Starch

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6
Q

what the second most abundant thing in animals?

A

Protein (water is 1st)

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7
Q

AA are the build blocks to?

A

Proteins

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8
Q

a long chain of AA is a____?

A

Protein

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9
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Mineral + Protein

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbs + Protein

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11
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lipids + Protein

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12
Q

how many AA are used in animals?

A

20

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13
Q

What proteins are low in cerals

A

Lysine, Methionine & Tryotophan

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14
Q

Which is an essectial AA in cats

A

Taurine

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15
Q

what is a phosphoilipid

A

FA + Phosphrous

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16
Q

Sterols are?

A

Vit D + Cholesterol

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17
Q

My function is to be a concentrated form of stored energy, what am I?

A

Lipid

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18
Q

What are fats made of

A

FA

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19
Q

how many C are in a FA?

A

2-24

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20
Q

What is a Saturdated fat?

A

When all the carbondds are taken by an H

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21
Q

WHat percent of a monogastrics diet is FA?

A

1%

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22
Q

I am importan part of prostoglandins and the cell membrane?

A

FA

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23
Q

List the unsaturated FA

A

Palmitoleic, Oleic, Linoleic, linolenic and Arachindonic

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24
Q

Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail and poor feathering

A

Signs of FA deficiency

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25
Q

what spp is effected by FA defieciencies most?

A

Poultry

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26
Q

Linoleic and linolenic Fatty Acids are?

A

Essecnstial FA

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27
Q

I can not be decompossed or synthesised who am I

A

Mineral

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28
Q

If a mineral is above 100 ppm

A

its a macromineral

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29
Q

where are most minerals found in the body?

A

The skeleton

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30
Q

What is most abundent mineral in Ash

A

Ca at 46 %

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31
Q

what is the 2nd most abundent mineral in Ash?

A

P 29%

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32
Q

Which spp get Iron deficiencies?

A

Piglets

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33
Q

Whip spp gets coblet deficiencies?

A

Sheep

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34
Q

WHich spp gets selenium deficiences?

A

PIgs

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35
Q

WHich spp gets zinc deficiencies?

A

Goats and Chx

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36
Q

can you have to much minerals

A

yes

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37
Q

Name the Macro Minerals

A

Ca, P Cl, Mg, K, Na, S

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38
Q

Do you need large or small amounts of Vits

A

small

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39
Q

Are all VIts synthesized?

A

No some are some arent

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40
Q

Which Vit is not made by humans, pigs and monkeys

A

Vit C

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41
Q

Which vitamins are co factors

A

Water soluble

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42
Q

Vit B(1,2,6,12) and Vit C are

A

Water souluble

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43
Q

WHat roles fo Fat soluble Vits

A

Antioxidants, Vision, Ca Absorbtion

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44
Q

Vit A,D,K,E

A

Fat soluble

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45
Q

Where are mist Vits stored

A

Liver

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46
Q

I bind to specfic proteins who am I

A

A Vit

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47
Q

Are Vitamin deficiencies Rare?

A

No they are common

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48
Q

I am ANorexicm retarded growth, dermatits and muscular incordination

A

I have a vitamin deficiencie

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49
Q

Blidness

A

Vit A deficiencies

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50
Q

Rickettes

A

Vit D def

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51
Q

Tissue Hemorrhage

A

Vit K Def

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52
Q

Crazy chicken Disease-encephalomalacia

A

Vit E

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53
Q

Edema of eyelids

A

Vit B6

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54
Q

Whats the most important form of energy?

A

Carbs

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55
Q

4.184 J

A

is 1 cal

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56
Q

Gross Energy is measured by

A

CAlormetric Bomb

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57
Q

what are food rations based on

A

Energy

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58
Q

what is digestiable energy?

A

Gross-fecal

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59
Q

what is metabosiable energy

A

digestable (gross-fecal) - gasesous/urinary enrgy

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60
Q

what is a resreve energy

A

fat

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61
Q

Acetic acid is what

A

Saturated fat

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62
Q

what perecent of fat free body weight is water?

A

75

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63
Q

how much water is in corn silage

A

65-75 percent

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64
Q

what percent of corn grain is water?

A

10$

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65
Q

WHen is water loss increased

A

in high protein diets, mineral salts fiber and overall intake is high

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66
Q

how much disolved solvent are in GOOD water

A

less than .25

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67
Q

can you taste nitrates, fluorides and heavy metals before they are toxic?

A

No

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68
Q

Does temp of water have effects?

A

Yes

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69
Q

WHats included in proximate anlysis

A

DM, CP, Ether extract for Fat, CF, Ash for minerals and Nitrogen free extract for carbs

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70
Q

whats the calucalation for DM

A

DM= dry weight / fresh weight

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71
Q

what is the Kjeldalh method used for

A

Crude protein

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72
Q

what is used in the Kjeldahl methaod to get the N free to be trapped

A

Sulphuric acid

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73
Q

what percent of protein is averagely in feeds

A

16

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74
Q

N x 6.25=?

A

CP

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75
Q

What is an example of a error the Kjeldahl method has?

A

for exmplae urea has no protein and alot of N so the caulculation N x 6.25 = CP shows that there is alot of protein

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76
Q

what is the ether extract method used for?

A

Crude fat anlyisis

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77
Q

What would you use to figure out specfic FA

A

Not the Ether extract method its not specfic

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78
Q

is the ether extract method qualatative or quanittaive

A

guantatative

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79
Q

Boiling with a weak acid and then a weak alkaline is used in which method?

A

to find Crude Fiber

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80
Q

Why do you boil in acid and the alkaline

A

to simulate the digestive process

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81
Q

what is read in the CF analysisi?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, Xylans, Lignin and other compounds associated with Fibrous carbs such as stuff in the cell wall of plants

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82
Q

What does ca show?

A

Mineral

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83
Q

what is left in Ash

A

Metallica oxides

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84
Q

WHen analyzing Ash you can figure out what specfic mineral are there

A

No

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85
Q

How do you calcualte carbs

A

Via the nitrogen free extract

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86
Q

What is the nitrogen free extract calculation

A

100- CP-CF- Crude fat-ash

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87
Q

what are the 2 new mathods in calculating energy

A

Detergents and NIRS

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88
Q

Are degernts part of proximate anlyisis

A

no

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89
Q

____________ is more acurate in defining carbs in food content

A

Detergents

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90
Q

What does NDF show

A

the structraul componets of the cell wall of plants

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91
Q

do you want a high or low NDF

A

Low

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92
Q

DO you want a low or high ADF

A

Low

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93
Q

Low NDF values are associated w.

A

younger plants

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94
Q

Low ADF values are associated w/

A

more digestable

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95
Q

are roughages and forages considered fibers

A

No they are considered carbs

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96
Q

forage

A

total plant material

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97
Q

roughage

A

is the dietary component high in fiber

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98
Q

what need microbial digestion

A

roughphage

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99
Q

who eat rough better horses and cows or swine and poluttry

A

horses and cows

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100
Q

im low in carbs but high in fibers am I a forage of roughage

A

roughphage

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101
Q

FAMily: Grarmineae

A

Grass

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102
Q

Cerals are

A

Grasses

103
Q

which type o grass are most cerals in

A

C3

104
Q

does C4 or C3 habe lower protein

A

C4

105
Q

is C3 or C4 tropical

A

C4

106
Q

Im a grass in Southern USA who am I

A

Bermuda grass

107
Q

I have dense roots and spread through rhizomes and become very fibrous when over mature

A

Bermuda grass

108
Q

Im a perennial grass

A

Ryegrass

109
Q

I like the cold temps and also am a quality grass

A

Ryegrass

110
Q

Im a hearty winter grass

A

Brome grass

111
Q

I have issues with ergot

A

Fescue

112
Q

I get infected with Neotyphodium ceonophialum and AM drought tolerarnt

A

fescue

113
Q

Where is fescue found

A

everywhere

114
Q

I have fescue foot when did this happen

A

fescue in the winter

115
Q

what can i get from fescue in the summer

A

Summer sydrome, which causes rapid breathing and fever

116
Q

What are mares effectedd by fescue

A

Gestation

117
Q

WHich 2 grasses are not drought resistant

A

Timothy and Orchard

118
Q

Is timothy cold or warm

A

cold

119
Q

HAy is made from

A

Timothy and Orchard

120
Q

Does timithoy have high or low protein

A

high

121
Q

are legeumes high or low in proteins

A

High

122
Q

I am a good source of Protien, Calicum and carotene

A

I am alfalfa

123
Q

Is alflpha drough resistant

A

yes

124
Q

Name 2 problems associated with ALflfa

A

Bloat and blister beattles

125
Q

what is the toxin in blister beetles

A

Canthardin

126
Q

what does canthardind do

A

GI irritant

127
Q

i have the toxin courmarin what polant am I

A

Sweet clover

128
Q

who is most supsetinle to coumarin

A

cattle eating sweet clover

129
Q

what does courmanin cause

A

bleeding in neonates or after sx and carcass damage

130
Q

what is courmarin converted to

A

Dicourmarol

131
Q

what plant does Rhizoctonia legumincola effect

A

Red clover

132
Q

What acculmalates when a red clover is infected with Rhizoctonia legumicola?

A

SLaframineine ( a mycotoxin)

133
Q

What does slaframine cause

A

salivary syndrome in horses and bloat

134
Q

what clover cause photosensitization

A

Alskie clover

135
Q

what perecent of alskie clover can be in feed for horses

A

5

136
Q

which clover is high in protein and is important in diet

A

White/dutch clover

137
Q

who loves forbes

A

Goats

138
Q

who can eat browes

A

bison and deer things

139
Q

when is the ideal time to cut for Hay

A

mid spring

140
Q

to be a hay whats the max moisture

A

20 percent or less

141
Q

what is haylage

A

semiwillted grass and legumes

142
Q

who has a higher moisture content silage or haylage

A

silage

143
Q

who has higher protein Hay or Silage

A

Silage

144
Q

what crop can be made into sillage

A

any

145
Q

which crop has the highest CP in sillage

A

grass sillage

146
Q

which sillage is most popular in dairy cattle

A

corn silage

147
Q

is corn silage high or low in minerals

A

low

148
Q

what are the 2 types of silage

A

carbonaceous & proteinaceous

149
Q

carbonaceous silages are made from

A

cerals like corn and grasses

150
Q

proteinaceous silages are made from

A

legumes like alfalfa

151
Q

the stem the non grain part

A

straw

152
Q

low in energy protein and minerals what am I

A

straw

153
Q

straw is high in

A

fiber

154
Q

when you use straw you musct

A

substitute with concentrates

155
Q

what can u use in dry andolder cows

A

straw

156
Q

cerals are

A

high in energy

157
Q

is corn a cold or tropic

A

tropic

158
Q

is corn low or high in protein

A

low

159
Q

what AA is corn missing

A

typtophane and lysine

160
Q

does corm and cob meal or corn grain highrt in protein

A

corn grain

161
Q

cold tolerant ceral

A

barley

162
Q

dont feed this ceral green

A

barley

163
Q

im a ceral that grows well in wet cold

A

oats

164
Q

Im a ceral that is important to horses and can be fed whole or rolled

A

oats

165
Q

i have lower energy and fiber than other cereals but im safe

A

oats

166
Q

im a drought resistant cereal similar to corn

A

sorghum

167
Q

im the outer overing of the ceral grain seen

A

bran

168
Q

what cereal has the highes CP

A

wheat

169
Q

molasses has high and low

A

highenergy low protein

170
Q

what is molassase used fro

A

increase palatbilty

171
Q

what are beet pulp and citrus pulp used for

A

high energy

172
Q

fats and oils are used for

A

energy and reduces dust

173
Q

do most feedstuff need to need a protein supplement

A

yes

174
Q

to be a NCR protein supplememt what percent protein

A

20

175
Q

monogastrics need to consider

A

essential AA

176
Q

whats the most important oilseed meal for protein supplemet

A

soybean

177
Q

why soybean oil must be treated

A

urease and saponins

178
Q

what toxin does cotton seed oil have

A

gossypol

179
Q

what does gossypol do

A

lungs and repro stuff

180
Q

is cotton seed oil safer in mongastric or ruminanants

A

rumininanats

181
Q

Im high in CP but deficient in lysine and high in fiber (not for mongast)

A

sunflower

182
Q

im a tropical crop low in lysine anad have low digestibilty so no recommemenned for mongastricsd

A

peanut

183
Q

in low in CP high in CF poor AA and have cyanogenic glycoside

A

linseed

184
Q

i have good CP, lowish lysiine but hihg methionine but contain a toxin called goitrogenic

A

canola

185
Q

what does gointrogenic do

A

distrupt thyroid

186
Q

low palatabliiy CP 40-60

A

corn gluten

187
Q

corn guten meal or corn grain higher energy

A

corn grain

188
Q

disterlery brewery products are significant fro

A

high tryptophan

189
Q

46 urea is how much protein

A

287

190
Q

who need more salt supplement cows or pigs

A

cows

191
Q

im a vit not found in plants, fish liver oil

A

Vit A

192
Q

vit in sun cured forages

A

Vit D

193
Q

vit in germ oil plants

A

Vit E

194
Q

vit in green plants

A

Vit K

195
Q

vit in animal fish and dairy

A

Vit B

196
Q

somatotorioin is not allowed in US

A

false not in europe

197
Q

what do the majority of geriatric horses die from

A

old age

198
Q

whats the 1 problem in horses

A

colic

199
Q

horses can uses fiber diets only

A

no fiber and cereal grain and seed meals

200
Q

how much can a stomach comfortably hold

A

8 l

201
Q

primary site for enzymatic digestion

A

SIprimary site

202
Q

where are fats absorbed

A

SI

203
Q

proteins are absorbed whole in the SI

A

no they are AA

204
Q

what percent of proetien is digested in SI

A

55

205
Q

what percent of soluble carbs are digested in SI

A

50-70

206
Q

where are fat soulble vits abosorbed

A

SI

207
Q

flow through increases as vol increases

A

True

208
Q

how many hours does it take to appear in LI

A

2 hrs

209
Q

cellulose is digested in SI

A

FALSE

210
Q

primary site of water absoption

A

LI

211
Q

primary site for microbial digestion

A

LI

212
Q

where are VFA produced

A

LI

213
Q

VFA examples

A

acetate proprionate and butyrate

214
Q

for vit and minerals should you use exactly what they say

A

no up it by 1.25 to 3 times

215
Q

whats ideal fro reg hosrse BCS

A

3 or 5

216
Q

water to hay feed ratio

A

3.6 : 1

217
Q

water to hay/grain ration

A

2.9 : 1

218
Q

increase water in lactating

A

50-80 %

219
Q

increase water in excersise

A

20-400%

220
Q

cold horses fore every degree under -10 add how much DE

A

.408

221
Q

how much excesses protein will stunt growth

A

25 percent excesss

222
Q

early milk should be

A

2.1 protein

223
Q

late mile

A

1.8 protein

224
Q

ideal Ca: P ratio for growing horse

A

2:1

225
Q

what is Ca affected by

A

phyate and oxalate and P

226
Q

stallions need what increase energy

A

25%

227
Q

Stallions need what increase in protein

A

10

228
Q

increase eneergy in the 9th month

A

10

229
Q

increase energy in the 10th month

A

13

230
Q

increase energy in the 11th month

A

20

231
Q

increase protein in late gestation ( 9-11 mo)

A

13

232
Q

increase energy in lactation

A

44

233
Q

increase protein in lactation

A

16

234
Q

average adult protein supplemnt

A

8-10

235
Q

I get a small grain meal with in 5 hrs of my event what am I

A

race horse

236
Q

race horse should have more or less fiber mearing the race

A

Less

237
Q

how much forage weight should a horse get

A

1 % of the BW

238
Q

I DO NOT want to eat 1-4 hrs prior to my even who am I

A

endurance horse

239
Q

Endurance want less or more fiber

A

More, it helps with water

240
Q

how much oil can i feed a geratiric

A

1-2 cups

241
Q

complete feeds are popular in what group of horses

A

geratircs

242
Q

what else drops with insulin spikes in starved horses

A

Mg, K and P

243
Q

Low carb or High carb for starved horses

A

Low

244
Q

Low or High vol Alfalfa for starvfed

A

low

245
Q

when can a horse habe free choice hay

A

day 10

246
Q

cool things about beet pulp

A

high energy can use to make up 50% of diet low glycemic indexxcan sub sititue fro roughage

247
Q

the high energy from beet pullp is dervied fron

A

fermentation

248
Q

what are high fat diets made out o

A

rice bran

249
Q

can you add oil to rise bran

A

no

250
Q

what percent of rice brans energy is from fat

A

50-70%

251
Q

how much oil can a horse get

A

up to 2 cups

252
Q

feed hyperlipemia horse ___ percent of the required diet

A

70-75 %

253
Q

orphan foal starats at what percent and the builds up to what in 10 days

A

10% then to 25%

254
Q

What causes flatulent colic

A

cribing

Gross Anatomy (4 decks)

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