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Science > *Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

*Nucleic Acid Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biomolecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus.

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

The structure of a nucleotide is composed of 3 groups:

A

• Phosphate
• Pentose Sugar
• Nitrogenous Base

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4
Q

What are the nucleotides/chemical bases present in a DNA?

A

• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)

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5
Q

What are the nucleotides/chemical bases present in a RNA?

A

• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Adenine (A)
• Uracil (U)

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6
Q

Nucleotides are held by the covalent bonds called ________ between the sugar of one nucleotide & the phosphate of another.

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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8
Q

It stores the hereditary information of an organism & contains materials for protein.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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9
Q

How many strands is DNA made up of?

A

2

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10
Q

What shape do two strands of DNA form?

A

Double Helix

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11
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

It is primarily found in the cell’s nucleus.

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12
Q

It transfers information from the DNA to the ribosomes by carrying the protein recipe.

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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13
Q

How many strands are RNA made of?

A

1

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14
Q

What shape does an RNA form?

A

Single Helix

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15
Q

How is the RNA powered?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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16
Q

What sugar is present in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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17
Q

What sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

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18
Q

What is the division of cells?

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

True or False. 2 DNA strands are anti-parallel.

A

True (5’ to 3’, 3’ to 5’)

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20
Q

True or False. Hydrogen bonds break at high temperature.

A

True

21
Q

What is the copying of DNA?

A

DNA Replication

22
Q

Why does DNA replication happen?

A

: to ensure all cells in the body have the same DNA.

23
Q

True or False. DNA replication happens before mitosis.

A

True

24
Q

True or False. DNA replication, DNA transcription, elongation & termination are independent processes.

A

True

25
Q

What are the enzymes included in DNA replication?

A

• Helicase
• Primase
• DNA Polymerase III
• DNA Polymerase I
• Ligase

26
Q

It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases, unzipping DNA into 2 separate open strands.

A

Helicase

27
Q

it catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerases.

A

Primase

28
Q

It produces new DNA strands in 5’ to 3’ orientation.

A

DNA Polymerase III

29
Q

It fills the gap between primers.

A

DNA Polymerase I

30
Q

Segments of DNA put in gaps between primers.

A

Okazaki fragments

31
Q

It seals the DNA strands together.

A

Ligase

32
Q

Which strand has a continuous process by the DNA polymerase III.

A

Leading strand

33
Q

What is the opening of the 2 strands called?

A

Replication fork

34
Q

In which motion are DNA put unto the open DNA strands.

A

5’ to 3’

35
Q

What is the strand that has an orientation of 3’ to 5’?

A

Lagging strand

36
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Helicase: Unzip
  2. Primase: Create a primer
  3. DNA Polymerase III: Creates the new DNA strand (5’ to 3’); continuous on leading strand, by fragment on lagging strand
  4. Exonucleus: Remove the primers
  5. DNA Polymerase I: Fill the gaps in the lagging strand with okazaki fragments
  6. Ligase: Seal the DNA
37
Q

True or False. In the leading strand, there is a repeated process of Okazaki fragments started by RNA primers.

A

False; Lagging strand

38
Q

What does the RNA polymerase do in DNA transcription?

A
  1. Unzip the DNA: With the help of transcription factors, binds to the promoter & pries the 2 strands apart
  2. Elongation: RNA synthesis along the gene
  3. Termination: As it zips up the DNA, the enzyme detaches from the gene & the DNA returns to its original state.
39
Q

True or False. When DNA is zipped up, RNA falls without a template.

A

True

40
Q

What is the final product of DNA transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

41
Q

The collective process by which the genetic code is read by enzymes in order to produce the proteins in an organism.

A

DNA Transcription & Translation

42
Q

Parts of a chromosome that code for many things.

A

Genes

43
Q

What will be produced when a gene is expressed (gene expression)?

A

Protein

44
Q

The first step; the process by which enzymes use one of the DNA strands within a gene as a template to produce mRNA.

A

DNA Transcription

45
Q

The strand used to generate mRNA.

A

Template Strand (Antisense Strand)

46
Q

The strand that isn’t used.

A

Nontemplate Strand (Sense Strand)

47
Q

True or False. RNA polymerase doesn’t need primers to start with elongation.

A

True

48
Q

Elongation

A

The process of synthesizing RNA, reading the antisense strand (3’ to 5’) & generating the mRNA (5’ to 3’).

49
Q

What carries the code in a gene?

A

Messenger RNA

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