notes 11/08

Question 1

type of development that focuses on the growth and changes in the body, brain, senses, motor skills, health, and wellness

Answer 1

physical development

Question 2

type of development that focuses on learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning and creativity

Answer 2

cognitive development

Question 3

type of development that focuses on emotions, personality, and social relationships

Answer 3

psychosocial development

Question 4

an approach to developmental psychology where one studies large numbers of children to determine patterns of when most children reach specific developmental milestones
- are they ahead, on target, or behind?

Answer 4

the normative approach

Question 5

a “milestone” in the normative approach is called…

Answer 5

a norm

Question 6

biological milestones are…

Answer 6

universal

Question 7

social milestones…

Answer 7

vary across cultures

Question 8

changes in development occur step by step, where a transition is not noticeable, changes are quantitative

Answer 8

continuous

Question 9

changes in development occur in abrupt stages, each stage is easily discernible, changes are more qualitative in nature

Answer 9

discontinuous

Question 10

a change theorist who believes that social development is discontinuous. He argues that personality development takes place across the lifespan, not just in childhood. social interactions affect our sense of self (ego identity)
- coined the identity crisis! thanks my guy!

Answer 10

erik erikson

Question 11

the eight stages of development were created by…

Answer 11

our buddy erik!

Question 12

(from 0-1) first stage of development

Answer 12

trust vs. mistrust

Question 13

(from 1-3) second stage of development

Answer 13

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Question 14

(from 3-6) third stage of development

Answer 14

initiative vs. guilt

Question 15

(from 7-11) fourth stage of development

Answer 15

industry vs. inferiority

Question 16

(from 12-18) fifth stage of development

Answer 16

identity vs. confusion

Question 17

(from 19-29) sixth stage of development

Answer 17

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 18

(from 30-64) seventh stage of development

Answer 18

generativity vs. stagnation

Question 19

(65 and up) eighth stage of development

Answer 19

integrity vs. despair

Question 20

the question of how much a person’s characteristics are formed by either genetics or upbringing

Answer 20

nature vs. nurture

Question 21

belief that heredity and biological factors play the largest role in the process of development

Answer 21

“nature” theory (genetics)

Question 22

belief that the role of the environment is emphasized; environmental influences as explaining the process of development

Answer 22

“nurture” theory (upbringing)

Question 23

a researcher who studied triplets, (intellectual abilities, personalities, social lives)
- was a woman of color (published dissertation in 1945)
- triplets were less developed than most other children their age (nurture)

Answer 23

ruth w. howard

Question 24

twins separated at birth (the jim twins), met up and did interviews; had an absurd amount of things in common

Answer 24

70% of variance in IQ is associated with genetics

Question 25

rats

Question 26

any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Answer 26

teratogen

Question 27

examples of teratogens

Answer 27

• smoking: results in premature birth, low birth weight, stillbirths, sudden infant death syndrome
• drugs: heroine, cocaine methamphetamine as well as prescription drugs - various birth defects, ex: rubella causes deafness
• drinking: fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 28

nurture of infants study done by rice in 1975 found that…

Answer 28

• babies who are nurtured and given physical touch/affection had better eating habits, sleeping habits, were bigger, and higher weight
• babies who didn’t had a rapid disappearance of reflexes

Question 29

name some newborn reflexes that are instinctive

Answer 29

rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, moro reflex (arms out thing)