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Pharmacology II > Nitrous Oxide 1 > Flashcards

Nitrous Oxide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 separate functions of respiration?

A
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange
  3. O2 utlilization
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2
Q

T/F. Ventilation is the same as breathing. O2 utilization is cellular respiration.

A

Both statements are true.

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3
Q

Gas exchange is between air and capillaries in the ___ and between systemic capillaries and tissues of the ___.

A

lungs; body

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4
Q

___ is the mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs. [O2] of air is ___ (lower/higher) in the lungs than in the blood. O2 diffuses from ___ to ___.

A

Ventilation; higher; air; blood

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5
Q

___ moves from the blood to the air by diffusing down its concentration gradient.

A

CO2

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6
Q

T/F. Gas exchanges occurs entirely by diffusion.

A

True

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7
Q

Which alveolar cells are structural and which secrete surfactant?

A

type 1 - structural

type 2 - secrete surfactant

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8
Q

Which zone is a region of gas exchange between air and blood that includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and must contain alveoli?

A

respiratory zone

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9
Q

Describe the conducting zone.

A

All the structures air passes through before reaching the respiratory zone.
- Warms and humidifies inspired air.
- Filters and cleans:
Mucus secreted to trap particles in the inspired air.
Mucus moved by cilia to be expectorated.

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10
Q

T/F. Elasticity is distensibility (stretchability). or the ease with which the lungs can expand. It is reduced by factors that produce resistance to distension.

A

False, both statements refer to compliance

Elasticity is the tendency to return to initial size after distension.

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11
Q

___ ___ is the force exerted by fluid in alveoli to resist distension.

A

surface tension

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12
Q

H2O molecules at the surface are attracted to other H2O molecules by ___ forces.

A

attractive

the force is directed inward, raising the pressure in alveoli.

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13
Q

Law of Laplace states the pressure in alveoli is directly proportional to ___ ___ and inversely proportional to ___ of alveoli. Therefore, pressure in ____ (smaller/larger) alveoli is greater.

A

surface tension; radius; smaller

P= (2 x T) / r

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14
Q

How does surfactant lower surface tension?

A

reduces attractive forces of hydrogen bonding by becoming interspersed between H2O molecules

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15
Q

T/F. As alveoli radius decreases, surfactant’s ability to lower surface tension increases.

A

True

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16
Q

___ law states that changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur as a result of changes in lung volume.

A

Boyle’s

pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

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17
Q

Which way does air flow?

  1. Increase in lung volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure.
  2. decrease in lung volume, raises intrapulmonary pressure above atmosphere.
A
  1. air goes in

2. air goes out

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18
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure (pressure in the alveoli)?

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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19
Q

T/F. Intrapleural pressure is postive due to lack of air in the intrapleural space.

A

False, pressure is NEGATIVE.

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20
Q

What is the pressure difference across the wall of the lung?

A

transpulmonary pressure

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21
Q

What pressure is the intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure?

A

transpulmonary pressure.

it keeps the lungs against the chest wall.

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22
Q

Describe the active process of quiet inspiration.

A

Contraction of diaphragm, increases thoracic volume vertically.
Contraction of parasternal and internal intercostals, increases thoracic volume laterally.
Increase in lung volume decreases pressure in alveoli, and air rushes in.

23
Q

Match the pressure changes during INSPIRATION.

  1. alveolar
  2. intrapleural
  3. transpulmonary

A. = +3 mm Hg
B. -4 to -6 mm Hg
C. 0 to -3 mm Hg

A
    • C
    • B
    • A
24
Q

Match the pressure changes during EXPIRATION.

  1. alveolar
  2. intrapleural
  3. transpulmonary

A. = -3 to +3 mm Hg
B. +6 mm Hg
C. -6 to -3 mm Hg

A
    • A
    • C
    • B
25
Q

T/F. Quiet expiration is a passive process.

A

True

26
Q

What is the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures at rest?

A

760 mm Hg

27
Q

The ___ ___ space is when not all of the inspired aire reached the alveoli. Fresh air is inhaled and mixed with air this space.

A

Anatomic dead space

conducting zone and alveoli where [O2] is lower than normal and [CO2] is higher than normal.

28
Q

F x (TV-DS) =

A

alveolar ventilation

F= frequency (breaths/min)
TV = tidal volume
DS = dead space
29
Q

What are the two disorders of COPD?

A

asthma and emphysema

30
Q

What disorder has a normal structure of lungs disrupted by accumulation of fibrous connective tissue proteins?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

31
Q

P(ATM) = P(N2) + P(02) + P(C02) + P(H20)= ??? mm Hg.

A

760

32
Q

O2 is humidified to ??? mm Hg?

A

105

33
Q

H2O (water vapor pressure) contributes to partial pressure ???

A

47 mm Hg

34
Q

What is the PO2 at sea level?

A

150 mm Hg

35
Q

What is the PCO2?

A

40 mm Hg

36
Q

What is the normal PO2 in arterial blood and systemic veins?

A

arterial blood = 100mm Hg

systemic veins = 40 mm Hg

37
Q

What is the PCO2 in systemic veins?

A

46 mm Hg

38
Q

T/F. The rate of blood flow through the pulmonary circulation is equal to the flow rate through the systemic circulation.

A

True.

The driving pressure is about 10 mm Hg

39
Q

T/F. The pulmonary vascular resistance is high.

A

False, it is low. Low pressure pathway produces less net filtration than produced in the systemic capillaries.

40
Q

What constricts when alveolar PO2 decreases? What is this called?

A

pulmonary arterioles

autoregulation

41
Q

T/F. Alveoli at the apex are underventilated (overperfused).

A

False,

Alveoli at apex are underperfused (overventilated).
Alveoli at the base are underventilated (overperfused).

42
Q

___ neurons located primarily in dorsal respiratory group (DRG) regulate activity of phrenic nerve.
___ neurons located in ventral respiratory group (VRG) passive process.
Activity of ___ neurons inhibit ___ neurons.

A

I; E; E; I

43
Q

Medullary rhythmicity center influenced by ___. ___ center promotes inspiration by stimulating the I neurons in the medulla. ___ center antagonizes the apneustic center and inhibits inspiration.

A

pons; Apneustic; Pneumotaxic

44
Q

T/F. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in blood PC02, P02, and pH.

A

True.

45
Q

Which receptors are more sensitive to changes in arterial PCO2?

A

central chemoreceptors

46
Q

T/F. H+ can cross the blood brain barrier.

A

False, it cannot cross the BBB.

47
Q

___ can cross the BBB and will form H2CO3, which lowers the ___ of CSF and directly stimulates ___ chemoreceptors.

A

CO2; pH; central

48
Q

Which chemoreceptors are not stimulated directly by changes in arterial PCO2?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

They are stimulated by rise in [H+] of arterial blood.

49
Q

This lacks electrons and cannot bind with O2.

A

methemoglobin

50
Q

Its bond with carbon dioxide is 210 times stronger than the bond with oxygen, thereby impairing the transport of O2.

A

carboxyhemoglobin

51
Q

What does the loading and unloading of hemoglobin depend on?

A
  1. PO2 of environment

2. affinity between hemoglobin and O2

52
Q

What conditions cause a shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

A

Decreased pH, increased temperature, and increased 2,3 DPG:
Affinity of hemoglobin for 02 decreases.
Greater unloading of 02

53
Q

What 3 ways is CO2 transported in the blood?

A
  1. HCO3- (70%)
  2. Dissolved CO2 (10%)
  3. Cabaminohemoglobin (20%)

Pharmacology II (2 decks)

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