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Royal Compendium > NEW KUSH SS: Section 3 > Flashcards

NEW KUSH SS: Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 words does Anthropocene come from?

A

anthropos and kainos

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2
Q

The words anthropos and kainos are which language?

A

Greek

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3
Q

What does anthropos mean?

A

human

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4
Q

What does kainos mean?

A

new

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5
Q

What artificial element can be found in sediment core samples due to nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s?

A

Plutonium-239i

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6
Q

Where can Plutonium-239i now be found?

A

in sediment core samples

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7
Q

How did Plutonium-239i get into sediment?

A

because of nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s

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8
Q

Anthropocene is often used when talking about what?

A

climate change and global warming

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9
Q

Who were the first to use Anthropocene?

A

Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer

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10
Q

When did Crutzen and Stoermer first use Anthropocene?

A

2000 CE

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11
Q

When Crutzen and Stoermer first coined Anthropocene, when did they think it started?

A

the late 1700s, aka the start of the Industrial Revolution

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12
Q

The late 1700s corresponded with what becoming popular?

A

the steam engine

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13
Q

When was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

A

the late 1700s

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14
Q

What does SQS stand for?

A

Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy

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15
Q

What does ICS stand for?

A

International Commission on Stratigraphy

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16
Q

The AWG acts under the guidance of which 2 organizations?

A

the SQS and ICS

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17
Q

What organization voted in favor of using 1950 as the mark date of the Anthropocene?

A

the AWG

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18
Q

The date 1950 corresponds with what?

A

the Great Acceleration

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19
Q

What is the Great Acceleration?

A

A time when developments began to be used more often, and CO2 emissions started rising heavily

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20
Q

What characterizes the Anthropocene?

A

Changes in climate caused by humans

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21
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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22
Q

What does the IPCC define the Anthropocene as?

A

“a proposed new geological epoch resulting from significant human-driven changes to the structure and function of the Earth System.”

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23
Q

What is an interglacial period?

A

A warm time period in between 2 cold times or ice ages

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24
Q

Is the Holocene an interglacial period?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What climatic conditions were predicted for the epoch after the Holocene?

A

cold climate conditions

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26
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution really take off?

A

the 1800s

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27
Q

Who wrote “A Christmas Carol”?

A

Charles Dickens

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28
Q

Who wrote “Oliver Twist”?

A

Charles Dickens

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29
Q

Where is Charles Dickens from?

A

Britain

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30
Q

What image of the Industrial Revolution has Charles Dickens popularized in his writing?

A

An image of large, fiery factories fueled by coal, with lines of workers standing in front of machines

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31
Q

What books written by Charles Dickens help give an image of how we imagine the Industrial Revolution?

A

“Oliver Twist” and “A Christmas Carol”

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32
Q

The fact that the term Industrial Revolution was used in the 1800s shows what?

A

that the people living at the time recognized the dramatic societal changes that were occurring

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33
Q

Emissions of the industrial world have not been stable since when?

A

1800

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34
Q

Who named 1950 the Great Acceleration?

A

J. R. McNeill

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35
Q

What was the human population in 1780, around the start of the Industrial Revolution?

A

under 1 billion people

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36
Q

How did the human population change from 1780, around the start of the Industrial Revolution, to 1930?

A

it had more than doubled, from under 1 billion to 2 billion

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37
Q

What was the human population in 1930?

A

2 billion

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38
Q

How has the human population changed from 1930 to present day?

A

It has quadrupled, from 2 billion to 8 billion

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39
Q

What is the current human population?

A

8 billion

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40
Q

When there’s more carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, what happens to Earth’s climate?

A

it warms

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41
Q

What part of the atmosphere is increasing in temperature?

A

the troposphere

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42
Q

What layer of the atmosphere is where all our weather happens?

A

the troposphere

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43
Q

What part of the atmosphere is decreasing in temperature?

A

all the layers above the troposphere, the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere

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44
Q

Who argued as early as the 1850s that CO2 and water vapor could raise Earth’s temperature?

A

Eunice Newton Foote

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45
Q

What did Eunice Newton Foote say as early as the mid-19th century about CO2 and water vapor?

A

they could interact with solar rays to raise Earth’s temperature

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46
Q

In 2022, who were the top 10 largest oil producers in the world? (highest to lowest)

A

US, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, China, Iraq, UAE, Brazil, Iran, Kuwait

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47
Q

How much oil per day did the world produce in 2022? (million)

A

99.89 million barrels

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48
Q

How much oil per day did the top 10 producers produce in 2022? (million)

A

73.36 million barrels

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49
Q

What are the fossil fuels?

A

coal, oil, and natural gas

50
Q

Why are fossil fuels called this?

A

because they come from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals, or fossils

51
Q

Once GHGs get into the air, they act like a __________, making the Earth warmer.

A

blanket

52
Q

How is geography an important factor in the extraction of fossil fuels and their burning?

A

Fossil fuels can only be extracted where they are found, and countries with wealth and political power burn them more

53
Q

Who was the top producer of oil in the early 2020s?

A

the US

54
Q

Who was the top consumer of oil in the early 2020s?

A

the US

55
Q

In 2021, who were the top 10 largest oil producers in the world? (highest to lowest)

A

US, China, India, Russia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, South Korea, Canada, and Germany

56
Q

How much oil per day did the top 10 producers produce in 2021? (million)

A

59.8 million barrels

57
Q

How much oil per day did the world produce in 2021? (million)

A

96.66 million

58
Q

When was oil discovered in the Middle East?

A

shortly before WW1

59
Q

What city in Iraq was focused heavily on for oil extraction due to a discovery in 1927?

A

Kirkuk

60
Q

What country is Kirkuk in?

A

Iraq

61
Q

When was oil discovered in Kirkuk?

A

1927

62
Q

What is black gold?

A

another term for oil

63
Q

What does the term black gold emphasize?

A

the high value and richness of oil

64
Q

What makes up the majority of global greenhouse gas emissions?

A

the burning of fossil fuels

65
Q

Burning fossil fuels makeup how much of global greenhouse gas emissions?

A

75%

66
Q

Burning fossil fuels make up how much of CO2 emissions?

A

90%

67
Q

What 2 gases combined accounted for less than 20% of GHG emissions in the US?

A

methane and nitrous oxide

68
Q

What percent of GHG emissions are from fossil fuel combustion in the US?

A

72.6%

69
Q

What percent of GHG emissions are from CO2 that isn’t fossil fuel combustion in the US?

A

6.2%

70
Q

What percent of GHG emissions are from methane in the US?

A

10.9%

71
Q

What percent of GHG emissions are from nitrous oxide in the US?

A

7.1%

72
Q

What percent of GHG emissions are from high-GWP gases in the US?

A

3.2%

73
Q

What 2 countries have the highest GDP?

A

the US and China

74
Q

Using GDP as a marker of wealth, where is global wealth concentrated?

A

Western countries

75
Q

How have the US and EU changed their emissions?

A

they have cut their emissions

76
Q

What 2 large countries increased their emissions?

A

India and China

77
Q

Who is the world’s leading emitter?

A

China

78
Q

What place is India for the highest emissions?

A

4th

79
Q

India is behind which 2 countries for the highest emissions?

A

the US and EU

80
Q

Why is forcing certain nations, like China and India, to decrease the use of fossil fuels and emissions considered unfair?

A

Because many Western countries got to use them to build their economy, and now other countries have this opportunity, they’re being stopped

81
Q

How much does China emit per capita? (tonnes)

A

8.1 tonnes per person

82
Q

How much does the US emit per capita? (tonnes)

A

15.5 tonnes per person

83
Q

How much does the EU emit per capita? (tonnes)

A

6.5 tonnes per person

84
Q

How much does India emit per capita? (tonnes)

A

1.9 tonnes per person

85
Q

How much does Russia emit per capita? (tonnes)

A

12.5 tonnes per person

86
Q

How many tonnes is 1 megatonne?

A

1,000,000 tonnes

87
Q

Per person, China emits almost ______ as much CO2 as the US.

A

half

88
Q

Per person, India emits almost ______ as much CO2 as the US.

A

1/7th

89
Q

What are most of China’s emissions linked toward?

A

its exports, mainly to the US and EU

90
Q

China has produced about ______ of the cumulative CO2 emissions of Western nations since 1750.

A

1/4th

91
Q

Are the effects one-way, affecting mainly nature?

A

No, it is double-sided, with nature affecting us back

92
Q

What is another term for climate change?

A

global warming

93
Q

What are the 3 components of the triple planetary crisis?

A

climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss

94
Q

In 2023, Iran reached a heat index of how much?

A

158º Fahrenheit

95
Q

What country reached a heat index of 158º Fahrenheit in 2023?

A

Iran

96
Q

When did Iran reach a heat index of 158º Fahrenheit?

A

summer of 2023

97
Q

What did the heat index of 158º Fahrenheit in Iran do?

A

It tested the limits of human resilience

98
Q

What are the 3 most notable areas that are most impactful for human societies?

A

fires, floods, and droughts

99
Q

Where have abnormally large, severe fires ravaged in the past few years?

A

Greece, Australia, Canada, California, and Hawaii

100
Q

How does global warming contribute to the worsening of fires?

A

Warmer temperatures amplify dry and windy conditions, which help fuel and spread fires

101
Q

How does building housing communities deeper into forests affect these new developments?

A

It causes them to become more vulnerable to forest fires, making the devastation worse

102
Q

How does global warming affect floods?

A

It makes the factors that cause floods worse, for example melting glaciers and rising sea levels

103
Q

What does NOAA stand for?

A

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

104
Q

What areas of the world are most threatened by floods?

A

coastal communities, especially the ones that are densely populated

105
Q

How much more frequent is high tide flooding now compared to 50 years ago?

A

300% to 900% more frequent than 50 years ago

106
Q

What are the main 2 options people in coastal areas face regarding what to do in response to high tide flooding?

A

they can either build up safeguards to protect their community or retreat to new locations away from the coast

107
Q

When did Hurricane Ian strike Florida?

A

2022

108
Q

How many fatalities did Hurricane Ian cause in Florida?

A

156 people

109
Q

How much money in damages did Hurricane Ian cause in Florida?

A

$112 billion

110
Q

How does global warming increase droughts?

A

When there is water in a region, higher temperatures cause the water to evaporate. If temperatures are too high, water may not condense and stay as water vapor, leading to less rainfall and droughts.

111
Q

What part of the US is experiencing the worst droughts right now?

A

the western US

112
Q

In 2022, a megadrought in the western US was the worst in how many years?

A

1,200 years

113
Q

What part of Africa is 100x more likely to experience droughts?

A

the Horn of Africa

114
Q

The Horn of Africa is how much more likely to have droughts?

A

100 times more likely

115
Q

What part of Europe is more likely to experience heat as a result of climate change?

A

the Western Mediterranean

116
Q

What are the 5 important insights related to health associated with climate change made by the UN in 2017??

A
  1. Certain groups are more susceptible to climate-sensitive health impacts
  2. Many infectious diseases are highly sensitive to climatic conditions
  3. Climate change increases seasons when diseases are worse and increases the geographical range of them
  4. Climate change will bring new and emerging health issues, for example heat deaths
  5. Malnutrition is influenced by floods and droughts
117
Q

How has climate change in the US affected insurance?

A

Many companies have stopped insuring property in areas within the US that are susceptible to climate change

118
Q

How does climate change impact finances?

A

Climate change results in increased strength and amount of natural disasters, resulting in the destruction of property and land, which costs money

119
Q

How many people have to move each year due to extreme weather events?

A

30 million

120
Q

What are the 3 main responses to climate change?

A

people either want to take action, maintain the status quo and resist change, or do nothing and ignore it altogether

Royal Compendium (35 decks)

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