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Human Anatomy > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

control system for the body; can assess changes from external and internal environment

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2
Q

anatomical planes direction

A

anterior/ventral (front), posterior/dorsal (back), superior/cranial (top), inferior/caudal (bottom)

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3
Q

anatomical planes

A

coronal/frontal, sagittal (in half), horizontal/transverse (top and bottom)

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4
Q

brain planes

A

rostral (toward the nose), caudal (toward the tail/inferior part of the spinal cord)

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5
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves; basically everything else

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7
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies located outside CNS; grow outside the brain
* starts at the brain but extends out and doesn’t stay within the brain/spinal cord

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8
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron (sensory and motor)
* sensory (afferent): convey information from the body toward the CNS
* motor (efferent): function to convey nerve impulses from the CNS toward the body

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9
Q

classification of neurons

A
  • sensory: convey impulses from receptors to the CNS
  • when you feel fingers moving on arm
  • motor: convey impulses from the CNS or ganglia to effector cells
  • what is telling you to move fingers on arm
  • interneurons: form integrating network between the two
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10
Q

classification of neurons –> cell processes

A
  • multipolar neuron: multiple dendrites coming from cell body
  • send info about motor control
  • bipolar neuron: 1 dendrite starting at cell body
  • info about special sense
  • unipolar neuron/pseudounipolar: starts off from the cell body as 1 then splits into 2
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11
Q

do pseudo unipolar neurons have dendrites?

A

no because it is just the axon (signal receiving and sending)

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12
Q

neuron parts

A
  • dendrites/soma (cell body): serve as receiving areas for information input from other neurons via synapses, cell to cell junctions
  • axons: convey nerve impulses from the body toward the CNS or away the CNS
  • axon terminals: “fine fingers” function to release neurotransmitters at synaptic like junctions with other neurons or excitable cells such as muscles
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13
Q

afferent/sensory pathway

A

axons convey impulses toward the CNS from the periphery
- start off at the skin –> send signal from skin into the CNS and takes it up
- 3 neuron pathway

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14
Q

efferent/motor pathway

A

axons convey impulses from the CNS toward the periphery
- started in CNS and worked its way out
- 2 neuron pathway

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15
Q

gray matter

A

the brain’s neuronal bodies
- predominate amount of cell bodies; there is also axons here but overwhelming amount of cell bodies

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16
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axon projections of neuron

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17
Q

cerebrum

A

site for higher functions of CNS including thought, memory, acute sensation, acute motor control, and integration between these

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18
Q

brain divisions

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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19
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outerlayer of brain and is further divided into 5 lobes
- has gyri and sulci (wrinkles on brain)

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20
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality and specializes in motor processing; reward, attention, short term memory, planning, motivation

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21
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory signal processing, language comprehension, and emotion

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22
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing center

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23
Q

insula

A

emotions, consciousness, homeostasis

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24
Q

brainstem

A

diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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25
Q

cerebellum

A

fine motor control

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26
Q

diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

A
  • thalamus: relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus: body temperature, hunger, thirst
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27
Q

midbrain

A

vision, hearing, motor control

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28
Q

pons

A

sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing

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29
Q

medulla oblongata

A

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

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30
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral nerves, 1 coccygeal

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31
Q

dorsal root

A

contains axons of sensory neurons found in the dorsal root ganglion and passing in towards the dorsal horn

32
Q

ventral root

A

contains low motor neurons

33
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons –> both sensory and motor neurons

34
Q

cranial nerves

A

may be sensory, motor, or both
- 12 cranial nerves
- some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more

35
Q

cranial nerve function

A
  1. olfactory –> sense of smell
  2. optic visual
  3. oculomotor –> eye movement
  4. trochlear –> muscle of eye
  5. trigeminal –> sensation in face; biting, chewing
  6. facial –> muscles of facial expression, taste
  7. abducens –> muscle of eye
  8. facial –> taste
  9. vestibulocochlear –> sound and equilibrium (balance)
  10. glossopharyngeal –> pharynx, tongue
  11. vagus –> parasympathetic control of heart and digestive tract
  12. accessory neck and muscles
  13. hypoglossal muscles of tongue
36
Q

organization of nervous system

A
  • autonomic nervous system (involuntary): unconscious sensory information and involuntary motor responses by smooth muscle …
  • somatic nervous system (voluntary): conscious sensory information and voluntary motor responses by skeletal muscles
37
Q

involuntary/ANS

A

motor control is 2 neurons …

38
Q

voluntary/SNS

A

3 neurons; 1st in brain, 2nd in spinal cord, 3rd …

39
Q

resting membrane potential

A

separation of charge (voltage) across the plasma membrane of excitable cells
- overall positive charge outside because of Na+
- overall negative charge inside because of phosphate and charged proteins

40
Q

polarized membrane

A

there is an electrical difference primarily due to selective ion diffusion

41
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of a substance from a region of high to low concentration

42
Q

gradient

A

change in the value of a quantity with the change in another variable

43
Q

net diffusion down electrical gradients

A

like charge repels, unlike charges attract
- ex: inside more negative so Na+ wants to move in because negative charge is attracting it

44
Q

ion leakage channels

A

are always open; K+ doesn’t go up stays on inside because inside is still negative –> still being attracted
- Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- (passive ion selective channels)

45
Q

if the membrane is relatively permeable to K+ won’t its high internal concentration cause it to rapidly diffuse out of the cell and equalize the concentrations?

A

no because of the electrical gradient created by the electrical gradient of negative charge protein and phosphate anions.

46
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

integral membrane protein; active transport protein system using ATP
- 3 Na+ out : 2 K+ in)

47
Q

primary cause of the resting membrane potential

A

because of selective diffusion of K+ moving out of the cell

48
Q

graded potentials

A

relatively small changes in the resting membrane potential
- can be depolarizing (closer to activation) or hyperpolarizing (further away from activation)
- synaptic graded potentials: depend on the opening of chemically gated ion channels
- sensory/receptor graded potentials: depend on opening of 1) stress gated channels or 2) chemically gated ion channels

49
Q

action potential

A
  • all or none depolarization and repolarization of membrane segment
  • propagated along membrane like falling dominoes (all or none)
  • depends on opening and closing of voltage gated channels (initiation and conduction)
50
Q

depolarization

A

caused by the brief opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
- Na+ and rushes in brings it to threshold -55mV

51
Q

repolarization and after-hyperpolarization phase

A

due to the opening of voltage gated K+ channels
- K+ starts to go out so membrane gets more negative
- to get it back up is due to leaky Na+ channels

52
Q

absolute refractory period

A

beginning/early stage; if another stimulus came in, neuron could not fire again
- depolarization below threshold (AP occurs) so cannot initiate another AP

53
Q

relative refractory

A

stimulus comes in and can activate neuron again because had already repolarized so membrane is ready to go
- partial repolarization has occurred (greater than normal stimulus can stimulate a second response)

54
Q

during an AP

A
  • graded potential: when you don’t reach threshold; can be summed together to form AP and gets weaker as it starts to travel
  • ligand/mechanical ion channels open
  • threshold: Vg-Na+ channels open (trigger zone)
  • depolarization: Vg-Na+ channels stay open; rush in to make more positive
    -repolarization: Vg-Na+ closing and Vg-K+ opening and K+ rushes out
  • hyperpolarization: Vg-K+ still open; there is a little dip because they are slow to open/close
55
Q

propagation and conduction of AP

A

depends on the opening of voltage gated ion channels

56
Q

speed of AP conduction along axon is determined by

A
  1. axon diameter: the larger ones conduct more rapidly
  2. myelination: more rapid
    - no myelin means depolarization has to go all the way down so thus slow
57
Q

saltatory conduction

A

jumping of AP from node of Ranvier to node in myelinated axons
- myelinated axons can only produce AP at nodes of Ranvier thus AP jumps from node to node
- Vg+ channels only found at nodes

58
Q

classes of axons

A

From largest to smallest
- A alpha, A beta, A gamma, A delta
- B
-C
- A and B are myelinated and responsible for sharp pain; C is non-myelinated and responsible for aching, burning pain

59
Q

initiation of AP

A

initial partial depolarization usually caused by
1. opening specific sensory receptor channels in sensory axon terminals (PNS)
2. opening of ligand gated channels by neurotransmitters in soma/dendrites of motor neurons or sensory relay neurons within CNS
Both mechanisms produce localized graded depolarization that may initiate AP

60
Q

local anesthesia

A

blocks voltage gated sodium channels
- blocks conduction of AP
- sensory info fails to reach CNS

61
Q

anesthetic vs analgesic

A
  • anesthetic causes reversible loss of sensation
  • stop signaling, no AP
  • analgesic relieves pain without eliminating sensation
62
Q

synapses

A

junctions between excitable cells across which info is transferred
- can be motor or sensory
- most synapses occur on dendrites or the cell body

63
Q

chemical synapse

A

two excitable cells approach but do not touch
- chemicals diffuse across the synaptic cleft and affect excitability in the other membrane by interacting with membrane receptor channels or postsynaptic receptors

64
Q

presynaptic

A

releases NT

65
Q

synaptic sequence

A
  1. presynaptic AP opens Vg Ca++ channels
  2. Ca++ triggers NT vesicles to bind to the inner surface of presynaptic membrane
  3. Vesicles fuse with membrane and release NT into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis)
  4. NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with postsynaptic receptors
  5. Transmitter binding either opens chemically gated ion channels or triggers the formation of second transmitters that open ion channels
  6. ionic flow creates localizes graded synaptic potentials in post synaptic membrane
66
Q

post synaptic responses

A
  • are graded potentials that depend on chemically gated ion channels
  • EPSP: excitatory post synaptic potential-depolarizing graded potentials
  • brought closer to threshold voltage for AP initiation
  • IPSP: inhibitory postsynaptic potential-hyperpolarizing graded potentials
  • take neuron farther away from threshold so less likely to initiate AP
  • EPSP and IPSP are non-propagated graded potentials that diminish in amplitude with time and distance
67
Q

axon hillock

A

rich in voltage-gated channels and is where synaptic potentials induced AP
- AP propagated along unmyelinated axons or from node to node in myelinated

68
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs when multiple synapses induce postsynaptic potentials at about the same time and their postsynaptic effects are added together
* the more you have activated the neuron will fire

69
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs when single synapses receive multiple AP in rapid succession and their post synaptic effects are added together

70
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

specialized excitatory synapse between a motor axon and a skeletal muscle fiber
- NT is Ach

71
Q

termination of NT effect

A
  1. enzymatic degradation of NT
  2. Reuptake of transmitter by presynaptic membrane
  3. Diffusion of transmitter away from the synaptic cleft
72
Q

drugs effects

A
  1. NT production
  2. NT release
  3. NT reuptake
  4. NT enzyme degradation
  5. activation of postsynaptic receptors (agonist)
  6. blocking postsynaptic receptors (antagonist)
73
Q

sensory pathway

A

3 cell bodies
1. sensory ganglion
2. spinal cord or brain stem nuclei; axon crosses midline
3. thalamus

74
Q

modality

A

characteristic used to describe a particular type of stimulus: pressure, pain, cold, vibration

75
Q

perception sensation

A

actually occurs in the brain within the primary sensory cortex of postcentral gyrus

76
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A
  • conveys pain and temperature
  • 1st order neuron on the dorsal root ganglion with 2nd order in posterior horn of the spinal cord
  • 3rd neuron is in the postcentral gyrus of brain
77
Q

basic sensory pathway

A
  • involves the trigeminal nerve
  • 1st order neuron in trigeminal ganglion
  • 2nd order in trigeminal nucleus

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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