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Case 10 > Neuronanatomy of Psychiatric disorders > Flashcards

Neuronanatomy of Psychiatric disorders Flashcards

1
Q

EPSP and IPSP full form

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential and inhibitory…

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2
Q

Membrane resting potential

A

-70mv

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3
Q

Acetylcholine role in the body

A

Neurotransmitter used by the spinal cord neurons to control muscles to regulate memory- most cases EXCITATORY

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4
Q

Dopamine role in the body

A

Produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system. Usually inhibitory

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5
Q

GABA role in the body

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

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6
Q

Glutamate role in the body

A

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

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7
Q

Glycine

A

A neurotransmitter used mainly by neurons in the spinal cord. Probably acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone . Fight or flight response. In the brain , it acts as a neurotransmitter regulating normal brain procresses.
Usually excitatory

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9
Q

Serotonin role in the body

A

Mood, appetite and sensory perception, serotonin is inhibitory in pain pathways

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10
Q

Which psychiatric disease sees dopamine imbalances

A

Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder

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11
Q

Associated disease of Ach

A

Alzheimer’s

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12
Q

Associated disease of Serotonin

A

Depression, migraine, aging, attention deficit disorder (ADD)
Anxiety

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13
Q

Associated disease with Dopamine

A

High- Schizophrenia

Low- Parkinsonism

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14
Q

Associated disease with GABA

A

Epileptic seizures

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15
Q

Associated disease with Glutamate

A

Migraine
Stroke
Autism

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16
Q

Which matter contains neuronal cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

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17
Q

Function of white matter

A

forms lipid/fatty sheath in axons

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18
Q

What is the notochord

A

Formation of what becomes the spinal cord that then develops into the brain

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19
Q

Which forms the neural tube

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

Telencephalon derivations

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, amygdala and olfactory bub

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21
Q

Diencephalon derivations

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina and optic nerve, pineal body, subthalamus, epithalamus, mamillary bodies

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22
Q

Mesencephalon derivations

A

Midbrain structures

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23
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum- coordination of complex muscular movements

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24
Q

3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

Flocculondar lobe- vestibulocerebellum/archicerebellum - regulates balanceand coordination

  • Posterior lobe
  • Anterior lobe
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25
Q

Another name for hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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26
Q

Lateral Hindrain- neocerebellum function

A

Regulates planning, sensory movement for action- ataxic gait

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27
Q

Pontine disorders

A

Locked-in syndrome

Central pontine myelinolysis

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28
Q

Cranial nerves in the Cerebrum

A

I, II- Olfactory and optic

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29
Q

Cranial nerves in the in the midbrain

A

III, IV- Oculomotor, Trochlear

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30
Q

Cranial nerves in the pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII- Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulo-cochlear

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31
Q

Cranial nerves in the medulla

A

IX, X, XI, XII- Glossopharyngeal, vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

32
Q

RAAS function

A

role in arousal

33
Q

Serotonergic nuclei- location and function

A

Raphe nuclei- synthesis of serotonin

34
Q

Dopaminergic nuclei location

A

Ventral tegmental and substantia nigra pars compacta

35
Q

Noradrenergic nuclei location

A
  • locus coeruleus

- Synthesis of noradrenaline

36
Q

Histaminergic nuclei- location

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus

37
Q

Cholinergic nuclei- location

A

Forebrain cholinergic nuclei and pontine tegmentum

38
Q

Thalamic nuclei location

A

Thalamic reticular nucleus

39
Q

Mesencephalon - tectum location

A

Dorsal part

40
Q

Two divisions of the tectum

A

Superior colliculus - visual processing and eye movement

Inferior colliculus - auditory processing

41
Q

Tegmentum- location in mesencephalon

A

Floor of the midbrain

42
Q

Red nucleus in the tegmentum function

A

Motor coordination

43
Q

Substantia nigra in the midbrain

A

Reward co-ordination (via nigostriatral pathway), movement control

44
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter in midbrain

A

Pain modulation via the spinothalamic tract

45
Q

Ventral tegmental area- function

A

Mesocorticolimbic dopamine- reward circuit- linked to nucleus accumbens

46
Q

Ventral tegmental area is the site of which addictive drugs

A

Heroin, cocaine, alcohol, nicotine

47
Q

What is multi-system atrophy

A

Degeneration of striatum and substantia nigra

48
Q

Schizophrenia -dopamine balance?

A

Increased dopamine in the substantia nigra

49
Q

Parkinson’s dopamine balance

A

Reduction in dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

50
Q

Thalamus location, regulation of sensory signals

A

Diencephalon- Lateral geniculate nucleus for visual pathway

Medial geniculate nucleus for auditory pathway- to inferior colliculus and auditory cortex

51
Q

Hypothalamus location, components and respective hormonal secretions

A

Diencephalon

-Anterior- vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin, TrTh, CrTh, sweating and thermoregulation

  • Tuberal - BP, HR, Satiety (ventromedial), GHRH
  • Posterior- Memory, BP, Vasopressin, ORexin
52
Q

Pineal body shape and function and location

A

Cone- shaped, secretes melatonin, not isolated from BBB

53
Q

Which structure plays a central role in the consolidation of new memories in the limbic system

A

Hippocampus

54
Q

Medial temporal lobe in the hippocampus with regards to memory

A

Short-term memory to long term memory

Spatial memory

55
Q

Which gyrus in the telencephalon is important for the formation of new episodic memories

A

Dentate gyrus

56
Q

The Cortex function

A

Largest region, plays key role in memory, attention, cognition, awareness, thought, language and consciousness

57
Q

Where is the BROCA’s area

A

Inferior frontal gyrus in frontal lobe

LANGUAGE processing

58
Q

Centre for stimulus- reward, stimulus/ outcome, addiction in frontal lobe

A

Obritofrontal cortex in frontal lobe

59
Q

Centre in frontal lobe for decision making, emotional regulation, addiction

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

60
Q

Centre for executive mechanisms in frontal lobe

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

61
Q

Pre-frontal cortex function

A

Essential for planning and executing actions

One of the last areas to develop

62
Q

Effects of lesions in the PFC

A
  • Dramatic changes in personality
  • Loss of spontaneity/ problems with initiating speech/ movements
  • Inability to make and carry out sequences of actions/plans
63
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Primarily to integrate sensory information

64
Q

Disorders when there is an abnormality in the dominant hemisphere of parietal lobe

A

Dysphagia, asphasia,

  • Dyscalculia
  • Dyslexia
  • Apraxia
  • Agnosia
  • Gertsmann syndrome0 dyscalculia, dysgraphia, finger agnosia, LR disorientation
65
Q

Disorders when there is an abnormality in the non- dominant hemisphere of parietal lobe

A
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Constructional Apraxia
  • Dressing Apraxia
  • Anosognosia
66
Q

Temporal lobe superior temporal gyrus

A

With auditory cortex- process percepetion of sound and apply comprehension

67
Q

Fusiform gyrus in temporal lobe function

A

Facial recognition, synaesthesia, dyslexia, prosopagnosia

68
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus in temporal lobe

A

Visual object recognition

69
Q

Wenicke’s area location and aphasia

A

Left temporal lobe

Patients withwenicke’s aphasia- deficiency to produce language

70
Q

Occipital Lobe lingual gyrus function

A

Word- processing
Role in vision and day-dreaming
Visuo-limbi integration and encoding complex images

71
Q

Occipital Lobe cuneus function

A

Basic visual processing

72
Q

Arcutate fasciculus

A

Link Broca’s areas to Wernicke’s area

73
Q

Uncinate Fasciculus function

A

Links temproal inferior frontal gyrus and frontal lobe- hippocampus and amygdala with orbitofrontal cortex

74
Q

Beck’s theory of depression- what is it

A

Vulnerability - genetic and personality

  • environmental triggers
  • internal/external emotional stimuli- biased attention
  • biased attention
  • biased processing and memory
75
Q

Neural areas unerpinning Beck’s model

A

Dorsal ACC,

PFC, DLPFC, amygdala, thalamus, subgenual cingulate

Case 10 (5 decks)

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