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2020 Winter > Neurobiology 1 > Flashcards

Neurobiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

folds

A

gyri

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2
Q

valleys

A

sulci

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3
Q

how many neurons do humans have

A

86 billion

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4
Q

superior

inferior

A

cranial/cephalic — towards head

— towards toes

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5
Q

distal

proximal

A

furthest and closest from attachment

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6
Q

medial

lateral

A

closest and furthest from midline

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7
Q

anterior

posterior

A

ventral — front side

dorsal — back side

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8
Q

ipsilateral

contralateral

A

ipsi: same side
contra: different side

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9
Q

sections:
midsagittal
horizontal
coronal

A

midsagittal: cutting between eyes
horizontal: decapitate
coronal: cut both ears

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10
Q

what does CNS consist of

A

brain & spinal cord

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11
Q

what is CNS surrounded by

A

bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

meninges

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia mater
A

Dura mater: tough outer membrane
Arachnoid: where CSF flows (web)
Pia mater: thin membrane on brain surface

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13
Q

CSF produced in…

A

choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles

- moves by cilia

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14
Q

functions of CSF

A

shock absorber
volume adjuster
provides nutrients (glucose)
removes wastes back to blood

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15
Q

3 major brain components

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

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16
Q

BRAIN white/gray matter set up

A

white: INSIDE - myelin sheath
gray: OUTSIDE - cell bodies, somata, dendrites, synapses; where neurons talk to each other

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17
Q

lobes of cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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18
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of cortex

  • 52 areas
  • histologically different
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19
Q

CEREBELLUM

A
  • mini bulging brain
  • arbor vitae / tree of life
  • 100 billion neurons (more than cortex)
  • 7 cell types
  • – purkinje = output cell
  • – motor coordination
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20
Q

BRAIN STEM

A
  • “primitive brain”

- maintains life functions

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21
Q

thalamus f’n

A

filters signals

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22
Q

midbrain f’n

A

superior colliculus/ inferior colliculus

– eye movements and attention

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23
Q

pons

A

motor switchboard

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24
Q

medulla oblongata

A

homeostasis; sensory switchboard

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25
Q

what does PNS consist of

A

cranial nerves + spinal nerves

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26
Q

_ cranial nerves

A

12

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27
Q

how many spinal nerves leave vertebral column through intervertebral foramina

A

31

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28
Q

SPINAL CORD white/gray matter set up

horns

A

white OUTSIDE
gray INSIDE

  • dorsal horn
  • intermediate zone
  • ventral horn
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29
Q

afferent VS efferent neurons

A

…carry nerve impulses…

afferent [sensory neurons] sensory stimuli to CNS and brain
– in DORSAL horn
efferent [motor neurons] CNS to muscles to cause movement
– in VENTRAL horn

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30
Q

flowchart of efferent neurons

A

efferent

  1. somatic
  2. autonomic
    a. sympathetic (thoracolumbar) “fight or flight”
    b. parasympathetic (craniosacral) “rest and digest”
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31
Q

cutting the dorsal roots along the spinal cord would …

A

stop sensory reflexes from the arms

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32
Q

basic parts of neuron

A

soma/cell body
dendrites —
axon — NEURITES

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33
Q

SOMA

A

contains nucleus and “cellular machinery”

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34
Q

AXON HILLOCK

A

spike initiation zone, trigger zone

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35
Q

cytoskeleton elements are essential for axonal transport:

A

microtubule
neurofilament
microfilament – made up of ACTIN: deals w/ movement

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36
Q

retrograde VS anterograde

A

TOWARDS: retrograde (diamine)
AWAY: anterograde/orthograde (kinesin)

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37
Q

in between myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

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38
Q

saltatory conduction

A

“jumping” from node to node

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39
Q

signals during synapses

A 
electrical --> chemical --> electrical
-- 
PRESYNAPTIC AXON TERMINAL 
* synapse *
POSTSYNAPTIC DENDRITE
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40
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

travel in synaptic vesicles across synaptic cleft until reaching receptor site, where they bind

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41
Q

Boutons/varicosities

A

bulges on presynaptic cells @ synapse site

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42
Q

dendritic spines

A

structures for synaptic inputs
– polyribosomes at the base of a dendritic spine indicate local site for protein synthesis

– storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron’s cell body

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43
Q

types of neurons:
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

A

unipolar: one structure extending from soma
bi: one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma
multi: many dendrites

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44
Q

interneurons

A

neurons in CNS

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45
Q

stellate interneurons

pyramidal interneurons

A

stellate - local; small axons that only talk to neighbors

pyramidal - project further

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46
Q 
glial cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
schwann
A

GLIAL: support CNS
ASTRO: makes connections
MICROGLIA: cleans up debris & dead neurons; macrophages
OLIGO: wraps myelin sheath; grabs many sheaths – CNS
SHWANN: many schwann, one axon – PNS

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47
Q

voltage of cell (pos/neg) should be…

A

negative inside

positive outside

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48
Q

cell barrier: phospholipid bilayer

A

fatty later; ions can’t get through - only through CHANNELS

  • polar “head”
  • nonpolar “tail”
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49
Q

how is electrical current carried against membrane

A

through ion-specific channels

  • current flow
  • positive attracts negative & vice versa
50
Q

what makes ions move across the plasma membrane

A
  • voltage

- concentration gradient

51
Q

what would make the sodium equilibrium potential more positive?

A

increasing external sodium concentration

52
Q

The membrane is much more permeable to __

A

K+

53
Q

resting potential mV:

A

-70 mV

54
Q

if the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, it is __

A

depolarized

55
Q

if the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, it is __

A

hyperpolarized

56
Q

when potassium channels in the membrane open, what happens to K+?

A

K+ begins to move down its concentration gradient and out of cell

  • cell’s interior loses a positive charge
  • inside of cell becomes negative relative to outside
57
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

3 Na in

2 K out

58
Q

resting potential is a __

A

steady state

59
Q

what happens if permeability of membrane to potassium increased?

A

membrane would hyperpolarize

- pulls down harder

60
Q

what would happen if you remove Na+ from outside?

A

smaller concetration gradient

- equilibrium of Na lowers

61
Q

Higher K+ in some parts of nervous system bc …

A

of action potentials!

62
Q

phases of action potential

A
  1. resting potential
  2. depolarization: RISING PHASE
  3. overshoot
  4. repolarization: FALLING PHASE
  5. hyperpolarization
63
Q

all or nothing:

A

once it passes threshold, it can’t stop

64
Q

non-decrementing

A

all same size, don’t decrease

don’t deteriorate over time

65
Q

what causes depolarization

A
  • excitatory synaptic input
  • sensory signal
  • incoming spike
66
Q

protein channels characteristics

A 
very selective (Na and K selective)
open or close by voltage (K: 1, Na: 2)
67
Q

K+ info:

A
  • only opens with POSITIVE VOLTAGE

opens with depolarization
opens slowly and closes slowly

68
Q

Na+ info:

A 
has activation gate
- opens with depolarization
- opens quickly
and inactivation gate
- closes with depolarization
- closes slowly
69
Q

channels during phases:

A

AT REST: Na+ and K+ channels closed
RISING: Na+ channels open, K+ still closed
FALLING: Na+ inactive, K+ opening
UNDERSHOOT: Na+ channels still inactivated, K+ still open (hyperpolarizing)

70
Q

what causes sodium inactivation gate to close?

A

depolarization of neuron

71
Q

what’s responsible for relative refractory period?

A

sodium inactivation
open potassium channels
after hyperpolarization

72
Q

refractory periods

A

ABSOLUTE: repolarization
RELATIVE: hyperpol and after

73
Q

Chloride is pumped…

A

in

74
Q

K+ kinetics vs Na+

A

Na+ much faster

75
Q

what if K+ channel kinetics were as fast as Na+

A

spikes wouldn’t happen - would cancel out

76
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

demyelination disease

77
Q

what would happen if voltage-sensitive K+ channels were blocked?

A

spike would last longer (still go back to resting potential)

78
Q

What is gray matter and why is it gray?

A

Collection of cell bodies in CNS

No myelin

79
Q

Where does CSF originate and what makes it move?

A

Choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles

- Moves by cilia

80
Q

On what basis did Brodmann create his system of numbered areas in the cerebral cortex?

A

Based on cellular structure - CYTOARCHITECTURE

Different layers in brain

81
Q

List 4 major components of the mammalian CNS

A

brain stem, cerebrum, spinal cord, cerebellum

82
Q

Compare the location of gray matter in cerebral hemispheres with its location in spinal cord. What are the major divisions of gray matter in the spinal cord called?

A

Gray matter is on the inside in spinal cord; outside in cerebral hemispheres

  • Dorsal horn
  • Intermediate zone
  • Ventral horn
83
Q

Describe a major function of cerebellum, thalamus, pons, superior colliculus

A

Cerebellum: motor coordination
Thalamus: filters sensory signals
Pons: motor activity
Superior colliculus: eye movements and attention

84
Q

Where is the cell body of a motor neuron that projects to the biceps muscle of the arm? Where is the cell body of a sensory afferent from the fingertip?

A 
Motor neuron (efferent): Ventral ganglia of gray matter 
Sensory neuron (afferent): Dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord
85
Q

Where do preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system terminate? Where do preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system terminate?

A

Sympathetic: terminate in sympathetic chain
Parasymp: terminate in organs

86
Q

What surgical operation could be performed to determine whether a motor act (such as walking) requires sensory feedback?

A

Cutting the dorsal roots along the spinal cord

87
Q

Specifically, where do we find myelin? What is the function of myelin? What are 2 types of glia that produce myelin?

A

Myelination pushes current forward

  • Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system
  • Schwann cells produce it in the Peripheral nervous system
88
Q

What is the significance of finding polyribosomes at the base of a dendritic spine?

A

they produce proteins - to move/grow

89
Q

What’s the most important difference between a pyramidal cell and a stellate cell? Which of the two always use action potentials?

A

Stellate cells are local interneurons; star-shaped; short axons

Pyramidal cells are projection interneurons; longer axon- use action potentials

90
Q

equilibrium potential
vs
steady state

A

EP: lowest energy state
SS: requires energy

concentrations not changing in both

91
Q

equilibrium mV’s of K+ and Na+

A

K+: -86 ~

Na+: 58 ~

92
Q

Driving force def’n
&
of Na+ and K+

A

how far ion is out of equilibrium (difference of Voltage – Equilibrium)
K+: -20
Na+: 120 mV

93
Q

List one function for each of the following glial cell types: astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes.

A

Astrocytes: make connections
Microglia: clean up crew (debris and dead neurons)
Oligodendrocytes: wrap myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system

94
Q

What are two forces that can drive ions through a channel across the plasma membrane?

A

voltage

Concentration gradient

95
Q

What happens to the resting potential in the presence of ouabain (a Na/K pump blocker)? What 2 important conclusions can be drawn from the result of that experiment?

A

Ouabain blocks the pump, and brings it all close to 0
Important conclusions: Resting Potential depends on Na/K pump (no pump, no resting potential) & only Na and K are important
-PROOF ITS A STEADY STATE

96
Q

What is the difference between a steady state and an equilibrium? Is the resting potential a steady state or an equilibrium potential? At rest, what is the ratio of sodium leakage to potassium leakage?

A
  • A steady state is an unchanging condition that requires more energy to run the pump continuously
  • An equilibrium is lowest energy state
  • RP: steady state
  • 3 Na+ in:2 K+ out
97
Q

What would happen to the resting potential if sodium permeability were higher than potassium permeability? Please explain.

A

If Na’s permeability were higher than K, resting potential would be less polar (DEPOLARIZES) (would win the tug-of-war) - WINNER: MORE PERMEABILITY
Because more sodium comes in – more positive inside

98
Q

At rest, which ion, Na+ or K+, has a greater driving force acting on it? What two changes in concentration could you make to decrease the driving force on Na+?

A

Na+ DV: 123 mV

  • decrease the driving force:
  • – Increase K+ outside
99
Q

What would the approximate resting potential be in the presence of a drug that blocked membrane permeability to every ion except sodium?

A
  • Would be more positive (58 mV)

- Only sodium can flow in → would flow in until it’s at its equilibrium

100
Q

Why is important to stabilize external potassium concentration in the brain? What cells are known to perform that function in the brain?

A
  • Important because: it affects the resting potential (dominated by potassium equilibrium)
  • Astroglia cells stabilize
101
Q

What does it mean to say that spikes are “all or none”? What does it mean to say that spikes are non-decrementing?

A
  • Reaches threshold → WILL send the message forward, no matter what
  • Non-decrementing: all the spikes are the same size; regardless of the amount of signals, will never decrease or deteriorate over time
102
Q

Explain the basis for the overshoot during the spike,
and
undershoot at the end of the spike.

A

OVERSHOOT: Na+ channels are open, making the neuron positive
UNDERSHOOT: Then, these Na+ channels close while K+ channels are opening, causing the cell to be extremely negative and then return to its resting potential again
-Have opened extra K+ channels → K+ permeability is higher than normal - shoots over, then goes back

103
Q

What are 2 different events that cause the voltage to stop rising and start falling at the peak of the spike?

A

Na+ channels slowly begin to close as K+ gates slowly begin to open at the top of the spike

104
Q

What are the 3 sources of membrane depolarization that can lead to a spike?

A
  • Excitatory synaptic input (input from another neuron)
  • Sensory signal (input from environment)
  • input from another spike from same axon
105
Q

rostral

caudal

A

nose

tail

106
Q

No inactivation gate for….

A

K+

107
Q

neurotransmitter in preganglion for Autonomic NS releases:

A

ACh

108
Q

neurotransmitter in preganglion for parasympathetic & symp NS:

A

parasymp: ACh
symp: Neuroepinephrine

109
Q

Dorsal horn:

Ventral horn:

A

back (posterior)

front

110
Q

Ball and chain

A

Hunk of protein waiting at edge of Activation gate - positive charge, plugs the opening

111
Q

ohm’s law

A

V = IR

V	=	voltage
I	=	current
R	=	resistance
112
Q

distance formula

A

D=r*t

113
Q

Nernst equation

A

Ek=58log (Ko/K1)

o=inside
1=outside

114
Q

Why it’s important to stabilizing K+ ions outside of cell:

A

Not much outside
Small amount of K+ leaving cell can make a change in concentration
Resting potential MOSTLY due to potassium
Easy to change it

SAME AS Na+ INSIDE

115
Q

Explain why most of the positive current that enters during the rising phase of the spike travels backwards

A
  • Travels both ways but more open potassium channels behind the spike
  • Less resistance behind the cell
116
Q

intracellular electrode

extracellular

A

intra: inside cell, measuring membrane
extra: used for spikes

117
Q

If the chloride equilibrium potential for a given neuron is -70mV and the resting membrane potential of the neuron is -65mV, does this neuron pump chloride ions in or out? Which direction would chloride ions leak across the membrane?

A

Wants to pump out

Leaked in

118
Q

How does myelin increase the spike conduction speed? (This should be answered in terms of electrical current flow.)

A

Current forced to go down the axon (can’t get out because of myelin covering) - pushed down to next node
Forces current down axon
Increase axon diameter

119
Q

List 2 sodium channel blockers and 1 potassium channel blocker.

A

Na+ channel blocker: lidocaine & tetrodotoxin (TTX)

K+ blocker: tetraethylammonium (TEA)

120
Q

When would driving force be 0

A

when equilibrium is 0

2020 Winter (4 decks)

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