Neuro Test 1 Flashcards
The three small molecule neurotransmitters are: ___, ___ and ___. ___ is excitatory, ___ is inhibitory and ___ can be either
Glutamate
GABA
ACh
The three monoamines are ___, ___/___ and ___ and they are all ___
Dopamine
Norepinephrine/ epinephrine
Serotonin
Excitatory
The two neuropeptides are ___ and ___
ACTH
Substance P
___ is associated with Parkinson’s
Dopamine
___ is associated with depression
Serotonin
The primary motor cortex is located in the ___ ___
Precentral gyrus
The frontal lobe deals mostly with ___ function but also has ___ and ___ functions
Motor
Executive
Speech
The primary somatosensory cortex is in the ___ ___
Postcentral gyrus
The parietal lobe deals mainly with ___ functions, but also deals with ___ and ___
Sensory
Language
Directions
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ___ ___
Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is the main lobe for ___ functions and also deals with higher order ___ processing and ___ and ___
Auditory
Visual
Learning
Memory
The primary visual cortex is located in the ___ ___ in the ___ lobe
Calcarine sulcus
Occipital lobe
The limbic lobe deals with ___, drive related behaviors and ___
Emotions
Memory
The term limbic comes from the Latin word __ meaning ___
Limbus
Border
The four divisions of the diencephalon are the:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
The thalamus is known as the ___ ___ ___
Air traffic controller
___ is the only sense that doesn’t stop in the thalamus
Olfaction
The ___ is the major visceral control center
Hypothalamus
The ___ ___ connects the ___ with the pituitary
Infundibular stalk
Hypothalamus
The major components of the basal ganglia are the ___, ___, and the ___ ___
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
The basal ganglia is involved in ___ ___
Movement control
The two cranial nerves to bypass the brainstem are
I and II
12 cranial nerves
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
The CN’s associated with the midbrain are:
III and IV
The CN associated with the pons (from rostral to caudal) are:
V, VI, VII, VIII
The CN associated with the medulla (from rostral to caudal) are:
IX, X, XI, XII
The ___ ___ separates the cerebral hemispheres and the ___ ___ separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Herniations occur when ___ ___ increases
Intracranial pressure
Difference between epidural and subdural hemorrhages
Epidural is a tear of meninges love arteries (blood b/t skull and dura)
Subdural is tear of bridging veins (innermost dural layer)
Superficial veins of the head empty into ___ ___ ___ while deep veins empty into ___ ___
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
The vertebral arteries fuse to become the ___ ___ at the ___
Basilar artery
Pons
PICA supplies inferior ___ and lateral ___
Cerebellum
Medulla
BA bifurcates at the ___ into 2 ___ ___ ___
Midbrain
P C As
AICA and SCA come off of the ___ artery
Basilar
AICA supplies anterior inferior surface of ___ and caudal ___
Pons
SCA supplies superior ___, ___ midbrain and ___ ___
Cerebellum
Caudal midbrain
Rostral pons
___ ___ substances can go through the BBB
Lipid soluble
How does glucose cross BBB
Through facilitated diffusion
Derivatives of the neural crest (9)
VEAL TO GAG Viscerocranium Enteric / ANS (post ganglionic) Leptomeninges Trunks of great vessels Odontoblasts Ganglia Adrenal medulla Glial Cells
The spinal cord is first formed by ___ cells. Once the neural tube closes they will differentiate to become ___ that will help form the ___ layer
Neuroepithelium
Neuroblasts
Mantle
The layers of the spinal cord are (from deep to superficial) are:
Neuroepithelial layer
Mantle layer
Marginal layer
In the spinal cord, neuroepithelial cells can become ___ or ___ cells. The ___ can further become ___ or oligodendroglia
Neuroepithelial
Gliablast or ependymal
Gliablasts
Astrocyte
Microglia come from ___ ___ cells
Vascular mesenchymal
___ cells myelinate in the CNS and ___ cells myelinate in the PNS
Oligodendroglia
Schwann
In adults, the spinal cord terminates around _ _ and the dura terminates at _ _
L2
S2
6 nerve modalities and definition of each
Somatic Efferent - skeletal muscles (except from pharyngeal arches)
Special Visceral Efferent - skeletal from pharyngeal arches (except XI)
General Visceral Efferent - ANS
Somatic Afferent - touch, temp, pain
Special Afferent - taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance
General Visceral Afferent - Interoceptive info
From out to in, the modalities go ___, ___ ___, ___ ___
Somatic
Special visceral
General visceral
In the midbrain, the alar plate forms the ___
Colliculi
The pituitary gland is formed from the ___ and ___ ___
Infundibulum
Rathke’s Pouch
The adrenal cortex is derived from ___
Mesoderm
If the neural tube doesn’t close in the cranial region, it is called ___ but if it is in the spinal region it is called ___ ___
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
Spina bifida can be hidden (___) or can be with the spinal cord protruding (___) or with the subarachnoid space posterior to the cord protruding (___)
Occulta
Meningomyelocele
Meningocele
Muscles can have ___ ___ that detect muscle length and ___ ___ ___ that detect muscle tension
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
The two enlargements of the spinal cord are in the ___ and ___ region because of nerves coming from the ___ and ___
Cervical and lumbar
Arms and legs
The posterior intermediate sulcus is only found above level _ _
T6
In the anterior horn, the clusters of neurons that control axial muscles are more ___ and those that control limb muscles are more ___
Medial
Lateral
The anterior horn at cervical levels contains the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___
Spinal accessory nucleus
Phrenic nucleus
Difference between somatic and autonomic
Sympathetic and parasympathetic don’t reach targets directly. They have a 2-neuron chain
Which autonomic part uses norepinephrine instead of ACh
Postganglionic axon of sympathetic
White communicating rami are from __ to __
T1 to L2/3
Sympathetic fibers reach the head through the ___ ___ and the ___ ___
Cervical ganglia
Carotid plexus
Referred pain happens when ___ ___ and ___ ___ are innervated by the same cord level
Visceral structure
Surface structure
Three special characteristics of neurons
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
High metabolic rate
Nissl body is ___ ___ ___ and ___ and are visualized by ___ stain
RER and Ribosomes
Hematoxylin
From least to most common, the three types of neurons are
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
Most interneurons are ___ neurons
Multipolar
