nervous system breathing

Question 1

What is the area from which nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory muscles to control respiratory rate? Where is this located?

Answer 1

-Respiratory Center
-Pons and Medulla Oblongata

Question 2

What generates nerve impulses establishing basic rhythm of quiet normal breathing?

Answer 2

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
(formally known as Inspiratory area)

Question 3

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Impulses innervate what (muscles) via the phrenic nerve and what (muscles) via the intercostal nerves causing contraction.

Answer 3

Diaphragm via the phrenic nerve
Intercostal Muscles…. via intercostal nerves

Question 4

Neurons of this area supply nerve impulses for forceful exhalation and remain inactive during quiet breathing.

Answer 4

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
(formally known as Expiratory Area)

Question 5

What respiratory group:
Active during inhalation and exhalation. Transmits nerve impulses to the DRG in the medulla. Plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation by modifying the rhythm of breathing generated by the VRG as when exercising, speaking, or sleeping.

Answer 5

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
(formally known as the Preirrhotaxic Area)

Question 6

What allows us to hold our breath voluntarily?

Answer 6

cerebral cortex’s connection to the respiratory center

Question 7

Voluntarily holding breath:
When blood concentrations of Co2 and H+ becomes too elevated. the inspiratory area becomes stimulated and _____

Answer 7

breathing resumes

Question 8

True/False
It is possible to kill one’s self by holding breath.

Answer 8

False
Even if person faints breathing will resume.

Question 9

What CNS structures also stimulate inspiratory center, allowing emotional stimuli to alter respirations, i.e. laughing or crying.

Answer 9

Hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 10

What receptors:
Located in the medulla, respond to changes in H+ and PCO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in the CSF.

Answer 10

Central Chemoreceptors

Question 11

What receptors:
Located in the aortic arch common carotids are sensitive to levels of PO2, H+ and PCO2 in the blood.

Answer 11

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Question 12

_______ participate in a negative feedback system that regulates the levels of CO2, O2 and H+ in the blood

Answer 12

Chemoreceptors

Question 13

How do chemoreceptors respond to increased PCO2 or decreased Po2 levels?

Answer 13

-They cause the inspiratory area to become highly stimulated.

-Rate and depth of respiration will increase(Hyperventilation); allows for exhalation of CO2 until PCO2 and H+ levels are normalized

Question 14

Hypercapnia is defined as?

Answer 14

An increase in the arterial PCO2, even slightly above the normal 40mmhg.

Question 15

Hypoxia is defined as….

Answer 15

A deficiency in O2. If the PO2 falls from normal levels (100 mmHg) to about 50 mmHg

Question 16

_______ is an increase in the arterial PCO2, even slightly above the normal 40mmhg This causes the central chemoreceptors to respond to severe hypoxia. The peripheral chemoreceptors will respond to the increased H+ and PCO2

Answer 16

Hypercapnia

Question 17

True/False
The peripheral chemoreceptors are strongly
stimulated in response to hypoxia

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What causes this?
-activity of the central chemoreceptors and
the inspiratory area are depressed
-fewer impulses are sent to the muscles of respiration
-decreases a positive feed-back loop could result in a fatality

Answer 18

Severe O2 Deficiency

Question 19

What increases rate and depth of respiration due
anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety.

Answer 19

Limbic system stimulation

Question 20

What increases in rate and depth of respiration due to input from proprioceptors as a result of joint and muscle movement.
-stimulate the inspiratory area of the medulla
-Respiration increases even before changes in PCO2, PO2 or H+ occur

Answer 20

Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration

Question 21

Increased body temp (fever or exercise) does what to respiration?

Answer 21

Increases rate of respiration

Question 22

Decrease in temperature causes does what to respiratory rate?

Answer 22

decrease in respiratory rate

Question 23

True/False
Plunging into cold water may cause temporary tachypnea

Answer 23

False
may cause temp apnea