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A > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system enables the body to _____________ to____________ changes in the environment.

A

react
continuous

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2
Q

One of the main roles of the nervous system is to control various bodily activities.

A

True. The nervous system coordinates and regulates many functions in the body.

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3
Q

The nervous system can be divided based on either ______________ or ____________

A

function.
structure

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4
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are divisions based on the ______________of the nervous system..

A

structure

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5
Q
  1. True or False: The somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) represent the structural divisions of the nervous system.
A

False. The SNS and ANS are functional divisions of the nervous system, not structural division

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6
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The two main anatomical parts of the nervous system are the _________ nervous system and the ____________nervous system.

A

central
peripheral

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7
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The ____________ and the ________make up the central nervous system.

A

BRAIN
Spinal cord

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8
Q

True or False: Cranial nerves are a component of the peripheral nervous system.

A

True. The cranial nerves branch out from the brain and are part of the PNS

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9
Q

True or False: All spinal nerves are included in the unit on the nervous system.

A

False. The sources specifically mention that only the cervical spinal nerves are included.

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10
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The brain is situated within the ______________ cavity of the skull..

A

cranial

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11
Q

True or False: The brain is the largest structure within the nervous system.

A

True. The brain is a complex organ responsible for many vital functions.

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12
Q

The ___________ arteries and the ___________ carotid arteries are the two primary arteries that supply the brain with blood.

A

vertebral;
internal.

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13
Q

True or False: One of the brain’s key functions is to coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals.

A

True, the brain acts as a central processing unit, receiving, interpreting and sending signals throughout the body

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14
Q

Higher mental functions like ______ are carried out by the brain.

A

learning.

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15
Q

True or False: The brain is primarily composed of grey matter.

A

False. The brain is composed of both grey matter and white matter each with distinct functions.

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16
Q

_____________ is produced by the brain and circulates within the nervous system.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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17
Q

The _________ are three protective layers that encase the brain.

A

Meninges

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18
Q

The ________ is the thick outermost layer of the meninges.

A

Dura mater

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19
Q

The arachnoid mater is a delicate vascular layer located closest to the brain

A

False. The arachnoid mater is the thin middle layer.

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20
Q

The ______ mater is a thin web-like layer of the meninges.

A

Arachnoid.

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21
Q

True or False: The subdural space is a potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

A

True.

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22
Q

The _________ space located between the Arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid

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23
Q

The _________ space is a potential space between the _____ mater and the mater.

A

subdural
dura
arachnoid

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24
Q

Which layer of the brain is the delicate internal vaculated layer

A

Pia mater

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25
Q

Which layer of the brain is the thin and intermediate layer

A

Arachnoid mater

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26
Q

Which layer of the brain is thick external fibrous layer

A

Dura mater

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27
Q

What are the potential spaces in the brain

A
  • Extra (epi) dual space
  • Subdural space
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28
Q

What is the true space of the brain

A

Subarachnoid space

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29
Q

The dura mater generally consists of an outer _______ layer and an inner ________ layer.

A

Periosteal
Meningeal

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30
Q

In certain areas the two layers of the _______ mater separate to form dural _______ known as _____________.

A

Dura
Folds
Reflections

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31
Q

The dural reflections create ____________ within the skull

A

compartments

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32
Q

What are the four dural reflections

A

Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Sellar diaphragm.

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33
Q

True or False: The falx cerebri is situated between the two cerebellar hemispheres.

A

False.The falx cerebelli is located between the cerebellar hemispheres.

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34
Q

The ________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebri

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35
Q

The __________ cerebelli sits between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

A

tentorium.

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36
Q

The_________diaphragm lies above the pituitary gland.

A

sellar.

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37
Q

True or False: The superior sagittal sinus is located within the falx cerebri.

A

True. The superior sagittal sinus is a major venous channel in the brain.

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38
Q

The ________ sinus is found within the falx cerebelli.

A

Occipital

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39
Q

Both the _________ sinuses and the _______ sinus are contained within the tentorium cerebelli.

A

Transverse
Straight

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40
Q

True or False: The cavernous sinuses are located within the sellar diaphragm.

A

True. The cavernous sinuses are important venous structures near the base of the brain.

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41
Q

The brain comprises two types of matter: ___________ matter and __________matter.

A

White
Grey

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42
Q

True or False: There is only one type of grey matter in the brain.

A

False. There are two types of grey matter: the cortex and nuclei.

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43
Q

The ___________ forms the outer layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

Cortex

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44
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located

A

Between the cerebral hemispheres

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45
Q

Which sinuses are contained within the falx cerebri

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Inferior sagittal sinus
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46
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located

A

Between the cerebellar hemisphere

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47
Q

Which sinuses are contained within the falx cerebelli

A

Occipital sinus

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48
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli located

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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49
Q

Which sinuses are contained in the tentorium cerebelli

A
  • Traverse sinuses
  • Straight sinus
  • Confluence of sinuses
  • Superior petrosal sinuses
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50
Q

Where is the seller diaphragm located

A

Above the pituitary gland

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51
Q

Which sinuses are contained within the seller diaphragm

A
  • Cavernous sinuses
  • Intercaverous sinuses
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52
Q

What is the old term for the seller diaphragm

A

Diaphragma sellae

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53
Q

_________ are clusters of grey matter with specific functions located within the brain.

A

Nuclei (singular: nucleus).

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54
Q

True or False: Nuclei can also be referred to as bodies or centers.

A

True. They are often named based on their location or function.

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55
Q

Give examples of grey matter structures

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Claustrum nucleus
  • Lentiform nucleus
  • Thalamus.
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56
Q

White matter is characterized by areas containing _________ fibers which are axons.

A

myelinated.

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57
Q

A ___________ is a white matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain

A

Commissure

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58
Q

A __________ is a white matter fiber bundle where all the fibers have the same function.

A

Fasciculus

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59
Q

True or False: A peduncle is a type of white matter fiber bundle with a single specific function.

A

False. A peduncle is a bundle of fibers with a variety of functions and is visible from the surface of the brain.

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60
Q

A ________ is a bundle of white matter fibers that serves a specific function.

A

Tract

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61
Q

The ___________ callosum and the capsule are ________ examples of white matter structures.

A

Corpus
Internal.

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62
Q

The four major subdivisions of the brain are: the _________, the _________, the _________ and ______________.

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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63
Q

The cerebellum is the largest and most superior part of the brain.

A

False. The cerebrum is the largest and most superior part of the brain

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64
Q

The _________ is positioned between the cerebrum and the brainstem.

A

Diencephalon

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65
Q

Examples of white matter

A

Corpus callosum
Internal capsule
Arcuate fasciculus
Lateral lemniscus

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66
Q

The ________ links the spinal cord to the diencephalon.

A

Brainstem

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67
Q

What lies anterior to the cerebellum.

A

Brainstem

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68
Q

The _________ is divided into two _________ and lobes

A

Cerebrum
Hemispheres

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69
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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70
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalumus
Metathalamus

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71
Q

True or False: The cerebellum is situated posterior to the brainstem.

A

True

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72
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for ________ thought processes __________ movements

A

Conscious
Voluntary

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73
Q

The __________ plays a crucial role in_________ sensory input and maintaining __________

A

diencephalon
redirecting
homeostasis

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74
Q

The primary function of the cerebellum is to maintain ___________, balance and muscle _________

A

Posture
Coordination

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75
Q

The cerebrum is divided into which other structures

A

Cortex
Subcortical structures

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76
Q

The brainstem houses ________ centers, regulates ________ and controls _________ functions

A

Reflex
Respiration
Vital

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77
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located

A

Between cerebrum and brainstem

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78
Q

The ________ regulates respiration.

A

brainstem

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79
Q

________ contains reflex centers and regulates vital function

A

brainstem

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80
Q

The ___________ is responsible for maintaining posture, balance and coordinating movement.

A

Cerebellum

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81
Q

True or False: The cerebrum brainstem visible on the inferior surface of the brain.

A

True

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82
Q

Blood vessels and the _________ mater can be observed on the lateral surface of the brain.

A

Arachnoid

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83
Q

The presence of superficial blood vessels on the cerebrum’s surface indicates that the __________ mater is still intact.

A

Arachnoid

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84
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has which lobes

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Insula
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85
Q

True or False: The cerebrum and diencephalon are visible on the medial surface of the brain.

A

True

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86
Q

Where is the insula found

A

Inside the lateral fissure

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87
Q

The cerebrum consists of two ________ which are partially separated by the median __________ fissure.

A

Hemispheres
longitudinal

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88
Q

The _________ callosum

A

a large bundle of nerve fibers

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89
Q

True or False: Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

A

False. Each hemisphere has five lobes including the insula

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90
Q

The __________ is the fifth lobe of the cerebrum found _______ within the _______ fissure.

A

Insula
deep
lateral

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91
Q

The lobes of the cerebrum are further subdivided by grooves called________ .

A

sulci (singular: sulcus)

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92
Q

True or False: Gyri are the elevations or ridges between the sulci.

A

True. The gyri and sulci give the brain its characteristic wrinkled appearance.

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93
Q

The _________ fissure and the _______ sulcus are major sulci on the lateral surface of the brain.

A

lateral
central.

94
Q

On the medial surface of the brain a prominent sulcus is the ______ sulcus.

A

parieto-occipital.

95
Q

True or False: The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

True. The central sulcus is a key landmark for dividing these lobes.

96
Q

The __________ fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

lateral

97
Q

The ___________ sulcus divides the parietal and occipital lobes on the medial surface of the brain.

A

parieto-occipital.

98
Q

True or False: The insula is a superficial lobe easily visible on the lateral surface of the brain.

A

False. The insula is located deep within the lateral fissure.

99
Q

What is a lobule

A

1-2 gyri combined

100
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into three main functional areas:
_______areas __________ areas and _________ areas

A

Motor
Sensory
Association

101
Q

True or False: Sensory areas of the brain are responsible for generating motor output.

A

False. Sensory areas enable the perception and awareness

102
Q

True or False: The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

True. The central sulcus is a key landmark for dividing these lobes.

103
Q

The __________ fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

Lateral

104
Q

The ___________ sulcus divides the parietal and occipital lobes on the medial surface of the brain.

A

Parieto-occipital

105
Q

True or False: The insula is a superficial lobe easily visible on the lateral surface of the brain

A

. False. The insula is located deep within the lateral fissure.

106
Q

_______ areas help us make sense and integrate information from both motor and sensory areas

A

Association

107
Q

________ areas are involved in controlling movement

A

Motor

108
Q

The concept of cerebral __________ refers to the tendency for one hemisphere to be dominant for certain __________.

A

dominance

functions

109
Q

True or False: Cerebral dominance is usually linked to an individual’s preferred hand.

A

True. Right-handed individuals typically have left-hemisphere dominance.

110
Q

In most individuals the ________ hemisphere is dominant for language and mathematical abilities.

A

LEFT

111
Q

The __________hemisphere excels in skills like spatial perception and musical proficiency.

A

right

112
Q

True or False: It’s impossible for the non-dominant hemisphere to learn new skills.

A

False. While one hemisphere may be dominant the brain exhibits plasticity, and the other hemisphere can learn and adapt

113
Q

True or False: The right hemisphere is statistically more likely to be dominant.

A

False. The left hemisphere is more likely to be dominant in the majority of people.

114
Q

Which hemisphere is most likely dominant

A

Left

115
Q

The primary(somato) motor area, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area, frontal eye-field, and prefrontal cortex are all located within the ___________ lobe.

A

Frontal

116
Q

The ___________ lobe contains the primary sensory area, sensory association area and Wernicke’s area

A

Parietal

117
Q

True or False: The auditory areas taste areas primarily associated with the parietal lobe.

A

False. Those areas are associated with the tempora/ lobe.

118
Q

The primary visual area and the visual association area are located in the ___________ lobe.

A

Occipital

119
Q

The ___________ contains limbic parts which are associated with memories and emotions.

A

Insula.

120
Q

True or False: The smell areas are readily visible on the lateral surface of the cerebrum.

A

False. The smell areas are located on the medial or inferior surfaces.

121
Q

True or False: The auditory and taste areas in the temporal lobe are responsible for the complex identification of sounds and tastes.

A

False. These areas are involved in basic perception of sound and taste but not the higher processing of identification

122
Q

__________ area is situated on the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe and is involved in___________.

A

Broca’s

motor speech production

123
Q

Broca’s area on the dominant side is responsible for _______ speech while on the non-dominant side __________

A

Motor
Emotional inflection I’m tone of voice

124
Q

True or False: The primary motor area is located on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

A

False. The primary motor area is located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

125
Q

The primary motor area controls voluntary ___________ movements on the contralateral side of the body.

A

skilled

126
Q

The _________ motor area is found on the superior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.

A

supplementary

127
Q

True or False: The supplementary motor area is involved in sensory guidance of movement and the planning of complex or coordinated movements.

A

True. It plays a role in higher-order motor

128
Q

The frontal ________ is located on the middle

A
129
Q

frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. eye-field.

A
130
Q

The frontal eye-field area controls ____________ eye movements..

A

horizontal

131
Q

True or False: Stimulation of the left frontal eye-field would cause the eyes to move to the left.

A

False. Stimulation of the left side would push the eyes towards the right.

132
Q

The sensory ____________ area is found on the supra-parietal lobule of the parietal lobe.

A

association.

133
Q

True or False: The sensory association area is responsible for processing raw sensory input. False. The sensory association area processes information from the primary sensory area

A

allowing for the perception of more complex sensory information.

134
Q

Functions of the sensory association area include the perception of an object’s shape _________ and size.

A

texture.

135
Q

The sensory association area allows for the of objects by touch and provides conscious awareness of the contralateral side of the body.

A

identification

136
Q

R

A
137
Q

F

A
138
Q

10 Fill-in-the-blank: The _

A
139
Q

sensory association area is situated on the postcentral

A

False the sensory association area is located on the supra parietal lobule

140
Q
  1. gyrus of the parietal lobe. 18 Answer: primary.
A
141
Q

10 True or False: General sensory signals include touch

A

taste

142
Q
  1. balance. 19 Answer: False. The general senses include: pain
A

temperature

143
Q

touch

A

vibration

144
Q

considered special senses.

A
145
Q

10 Fill-in-the-blank:

A
146
Q

(and itch)

A

temperature

147
Q
  1. proprioception are all types of general sensory signals. 19 Answer: Pain.
A
148
Q

10 Fill-in-the-blank: The primary

A
149
Q

______ area is mainly located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe.

A

Primary vision

150
Q

The primary vision area is responsible for receiving_____ information..

A

visual

151
Q

True or False: The vision association area is located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

A

False. The vision association area is found on the remaining portions of the occipital lobe surrounding the primary visual area.

152
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The vision association area is involved in functions like __________ perception and movement analysis.

A

depth

153
Q

The vision association area analyzes __________ and color and helps give meaning to what we see.

A

form

154
Q

The hearing or __________ areas are situated on the temporal lobe near the lateral fissure.

A

auditory.

155
Q

There is only one auditory area in the temporal lobe.

A

False. There are two auditory areas: the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association cortex.

156
Q

The auditory areas are responsible for the __________ perception of sound.

A

conscious

157
Q

Smell and taste areas are also considered special sensory areas.

A

True

158
Q

True or False: The taste areas are primarily responsible for identifying different tastes. Answer: False. Similar to the auditory areas

A

the taste areas are involved in the perception of taste

159
Q

__________ area is located on the supramarginal and angular gyri of the temporal lobe.

A

Wernicke’s.

160
Q

119

A
161
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: Wernicke’s area plays a critical role in the __________ of language

A

both spoken and written. Answer: comprehension.

162
Q

120

A
163
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The pre-_________ cortex occupies a large portion of the frontal lobe. Answer: frontal.

A
164
Q

121

A
165
Q

True or False: The prefrontal cortex acts as a primary sensory area

A

receiving direct sensory input. Answer: False. The prefrontal cortex is an association area involved in higher-level cognitive functions.

166
Q

122

A
167
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The prefrontal cortex is involved in controlling activities in other brain areas and is associated with functions like __________

A

foresight

168
Q

White Matter Fibers in the Cerebrum

A
169
Q

123

A
170
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The cerebrum contains three types of white matter fibers: __________ fibers

A

__________ fibers

171
Q

124

A
172
Q

True or False: White matter fibers allow for communication between different parts of the brain. Answer: True. White matter tracts act as the brain’s communication pathways.

A
173
Q

Types of White Matter Fibers

A
174
Q

125

A
175
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: __________ fibers connect corresponding areas in the left and right hemispheres of the brain

A

crossing the midline. Answer: Commissural.

176
Q

126

A
177
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: __________ fibers connect different areas within the same hemisphere

A

running in an anterior-posterior direction. Answer: Association.

178
Q

127

A
179
Q

True or False: Projection fibers connect the brain to the spinal cord

A

running in a superior-inferior direction. Answer: True. They relay information between the brain and the rest of the body.

180
Q

128

A
181
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The corpus callosum

A

anterior commissure

182
Q

129

A
183
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The superior longitudinal fasciculus and the arcuate fasciculus are examples of __________ fibers. Answer: association.

A
184
Q

130

A
185
Q

True or False: The internal capsule and spinal cord tracts are examples of projection fibers. Answer: True.

A
186
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
187
Q

131

A
188
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: ___________ nuclei are groups of grey matter located deep within the cerebrum

A

nestled between white matter fiber bundles. Answer: Basal.

189
Q

132

A
190
Q

True or False: Basal nuclei are primarily responsible for initiating movement. Answer: False. While they play a role in movement

A

basal nuclei do not typically initiate movement. They help regulate and fine-tune movements.

191
Q

133

A
192
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: Basal nuclei are crucial for performing highly __________ and purposeful movements and help control the strength of muscle contractions. Answer: skilled.

A
193
Q

134

A
194
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The four basal nuclei are the lentiform nucleus

A

__________ nucleus

195
Q

Diencephalon

A
196
Q

135

A
197
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is situated between the cerebrum and the brainstem. Answer: diencephalon.

A
198
Q

136

A
199
Q

True or False: The diencephalon is a single

A

unified structure. Answer: False. The diencephalon is divided into four parts: the thalamus

200
Q

137

A
201
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The four parts of the diencephalon are the thalamus

A

hypothalamus

202
Q

Components of the Diencephalon

A
203
Q

138

A
204
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is the main component of the diencephalon and serves as an important relay station for sensory signals. Answer: thalamus.

A
205
Q

139

A
206
Q

True or False: There is a single thalamus located in the midline of the brain. Answer: False. There are two thalami

A

one in each hemisphere

207
Q

140

A
208
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is located below the thalamus and is associated with survival instincts and maintaining homeostasis. Answer: hypothalamus.

A
209
Q

141

A
210
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is positioned above the thalamus. Answer: epithalamus.

A
211
Q

142

A
212
Q

True or False: The metathalamus is located anterior to the thalamus. Answer: False. The metathalamus is located posterior and below the thalamus.

A
213
Q

143

A
214
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The epithalamus includes structures like the medullary stria of the thalamus

A

the __________ gland

215
Q

144

A
216
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The hypothalamus contains the __________ body and is functionally connected to the pituitary gland

A

although the pituitary is technically not part of the hypothalamus. Answer: mammillary.

217
Q

145

A
218
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The metathalamus is composed of the medial __________ body and the lateral __________ body. Answer: geniculate; geniculate.

A
219
Q

Brainstem

A
220
Q

146

A
221
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ occupies the posterior cranial fossa and has a stalk-like shape

A

connecting the spinal cord to the forebrain. Answer: brainstem.

222
Q

147

A
223
Q

True or False: The brainstem is a single

A

homogenous structure. Answer: False. The brainstem is divided into three parts: the midbrain

224
Q

148

A
225
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The three parts of the brainstem are the __________

A

the __________

226
Q

Parts of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

A
227
Q

149

A
228
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is the smallest part of the brainstem and contains the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. Answer: midbrain.

A
229
Q

150

A
230
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: The __________ is the middle and largest part of the brainstem. Answer: pons.

A

A (8 decks)

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